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Venditore: anddownthewaterfall ✉️ (33.564) 99.8%, Luogo in cui si trova l'oggetto: Manchester, Take a look at my other items, UK, GB, Spedizione verso: WORLDWIDE, Numero oggetto: 315241708273 Paris Pocket Watch France Europe Pendant Old Eiffel Tower Fob Chain Retro Clock. Paris Pocket Watch This is a Reproduction Antique Victorian Pocket Watch It has the word "Paris" with images of famous Parisian Landmarks - The Eiffel Tower, Notre Dame Cathedral, The Arc de Triumph Quartz Watch Keeps Excellent Time Complete with Chain Water Resistant Unisex Suitable for a Man or Woman The Chain is 800mm in lenght The Watch is 42mm in diameter The watch keeps perfect time Would make an Excellent Gift or Collectable Keepsake to a A Great Ship that sunk over 100 years ago In Excellent Condition Water Resistant Unisex Suitable for a Man or Woman Starting at a Penny...With No Reserve..If your the only bidder you win it for 1p....Grab a Bargain!!!! I have a lot of Titanic items on Ebay so Check out my   other items !


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Paris: Beautiful and Breathtaking

Introducing Paris

The French capital city, Paris, by the river Seine, is one of the most seductive and celebrated cities in the world. With beauty and romance in each and every part of it, it is not an exaggeration to tell that it is the most beautiful city in the world. The landmarks of Paris, like the celebrated Eiffel tower and the Louvre Museum, are more familiar than any other in the world. Like all great cities, Paris is rich and populous. Unlike other great cities, Paris is always alive and pulsating. This vibrant city is a kaleidoscope of art, literature, film, architecture, and whatnot. Paris is portrayed as the city of lights (“La Ville-Lumière”), the city of love, and the city of fashion, and is one of the richest cities in the world. No other city is so loved by its inhabitants. Anyone who has visited this charming city falls head over heels in love with it.

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The History

Paris is considered inhabited permanently from around 4200BC, the oldest known inhabitants being the Celtic tribes called Parisii. Paris was conquered by the Romans by BC52 and it expanded to become a prosperous city with palaces, temples, baths, theatres, and forums over the years. Paris was made the capital city first by King Clovis I. The Counts ruled Paris in the middle ages and saw the increasing prosperity of the city as a hub of commerce, trade, politics, and culture. Many famous architectural marvels like the cathedral of Notre Dame and the basilica at St. Denis were built during the middle ages. Paris was conquered by the British and lost its title as the capital but it regained the title when Charles VII reclaimed the city from the English after the Hundred Years’ War in 1436. Paris was the main center of the French Revolution in the late 1680s. It was Napoleon the Third who made the greatest transformation of the city to almost the way in which we see it now. Paris was occupied by the Russians and the Germans in its past. With the advent of industrialization, Paris grew to become the richest high–tech city in the world.

The City

The very first impression about Paris is its noise. The busy streets with shouting street vendors, the untiring barking of dogs, the blaring automobile horns, and the constant motion of people make Paris look like a turmoil. But the beauty of the city is so overwhelming that the noise is often forgotten.

The design of the city is very unique and is quite unlike other major cities in the world. The center of the city is called intra-muros, a Latin term for ‘within the walls’, and is a small compact form of the big city. The city districts called arrondissements are arranged spirally around the center. There are almost twenty city districts around the city center. The districts are divided into quarters or neighborhoods. The city stands on a relatively plain flat land and hence the Eiffel Tower, the Centre Pompidou or the Telegraph metro station can give an excellent view of the whole city.

The City Life

The city life of Paris is a celebration of festivals. It has a culture of art, music, films, museums, and theatres. It is one of the leading business and fashion centers in the world. A blend of both old and new architecture, parks and squares, the beautiful Seine River, and the beautiful Parisians make it a unique and fascinating place to visit or to live in. The spring season is the best to visit, especially in May – June. The city is also beautiful and easy to live in during the autumn. The beautifully landscaped parks and walkways make it a pedestrian-friendly city. The streets are lined with booksellers and street artists. The walk through the beautiful streets takes you along small and beautifully adorned shops, sidewalk cafes, art galleries, elegant restaurants, and hotels. Paris has a population of about 11.3 million which is about 19% of the population of France. Yet, it is one of the most preferred tourist destinations in Europe.

The art and architecture

Some of the world’s renowned museums are located in Paris which includes the Louvre and Musée d’Orsay. An estimate says that there are almost 130 museums in Paris, which is an enormous number for a city. Louvre is the city’s most important attraction which houses masterpieces like the Mona Lisa and the Venus de Milo statue. Musée d’Orsay holds the paintings and arts of the impressionist period including the famous The Lady and the Unicorn. Musee Picasso and Musee Rodin are exclusive museums for the works of Pablo Picasso and Auguste Rodin respectively. The third-largest museum, the Musee du quai branly was opened in June 2006 and encases arts and artifacts from Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

The Opera Garnier is the largest opera in Paris and showcases classic ballets and operas. The modern Opera Bastiile has ballets and operas with a mix of classic and modern forms. Theatres and Operas have always been an indispensable part of French culture, especially in Paris.

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Paris has a mix of Roman, Gothic, and French architectural styles. The most famous piece of Parisian architecture is perhaps the Eiffel Tower. The Basilique de St. Denise is a classic example of French gothic architecture. The Notre Dame de Paris and the Basilique du Sacre-Coeur are the cathedrals in the city. The Place de la Concorde and the Place de la Bastille are architectural marvels and hold a significant positions in French history.

Paris also has a huge number of exquisite hotels, beautiful French houses with narrow streets, and a balanced mix of modern and ancient architecture.

The Food

Paris has a mixture of cultures because of its large immigrant population and this has been the base of its diverse culinary skills. French cuisine is rich in fresh ingredients and a wide variety of flavors. Parisians have perhaps the most refined and complex cooking procedures which make the most delicious food on the planet. Paris has got a large number of small and large elegant restaurants which cater to the tastes of almost everyone. The Parisians have an artistic style in serving their meals and the food is something to be savored. Fresh baked bread and cheese are part of a Parisian’s daily diet. Paris serves nearly five hundred varieties of cheese made from goat, ewe, or cow milk. Each region in Paris has its own specialty. The entire city is lighted up in the night which renders the most breathtaking sight from the top of the Eiffel tower. The city is rightly called the city of lights with its mind-blowingmind blowing beauty in the night. Paris has been a favorite destination for tourists, students, and businessmen right from the eleventh century. The presence of the world’s most famous landmarks has made Paris a dream destination for many. Paris is also the economical capital of France. As an old French saying says, when Paris sneezes, France catches a cold.

Notre-Dame de Paris

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Coordinates: 48.8530°N 2.3498°E

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the French cathedral. For other uses, see Notre-Dame de Paris (disambiguation).

Notre-Dame de Paris

South façade and the nave of Notre-Dame in 2017, two years before the Notre-Dame fire

Map

Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap

48.8530°N 2.3498°E

Location Parvis Notre-Dame – Place Jean-Paul-II, Paris

Country France

Denomination Roman Catholic

Tradition Roman Rite

Website www.notredamedeparis.fr

History

Former name(s) Replaced the Cathedral of Etienne

Status Minor basilica

Founded 24 March 1163 to 25 April 1163 (laying of the cornerstone)

Founder(s) Maurice de Sully

Consecrated 19 May 1182 (high altar)

Relics held Crown of Thorns, a nail from the Cross, and a sliver of the Cross

Architecture

Functional status Closed/Under renovation after the 2019 fire

Architectural type Gothic

Style French Gothic

Years built 1163–1345

Groundbreaking 1163

Completed 1345

Specifications

Length 128 m (420 ft)

Width 48 m (157 ft)

Nave height 35 metres (115 ft)[1]

Number of towers 2

Tower height 69 m (226 ft)

Number of spires 0 (There was one before the fire of April 2019)

Spire height 91.44 m (300.0 ft) (formerly)[2]

Materials Limestone

Bells 10 (bronze)

Administration

Archdiocese Paris

Clergy

Archbishop Laurent Ulrich

Rector Olivier Ribadeau Dumas

Laity

Director of music Sylvain Dieudonné[3]

Organist(s) Philippe Lefebvre (since 1985); Olivier Latry (since 1985); and Vincent Dubois [fr] (since 2016)

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Criteria I, II, III

Designated 1991

Part of Paris, Banks of the Seine

Reference no. 600

Monument historique

Official name Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris

Type Cathédrale

Designated 1862[4]

Reference no. PA00086250

Notre-Dame de Paris (French: [nɔtʁ(ə) dam də paʁi] ⓘ; meaning "Our Lady of Paris"), referred to simply as Notre-Dame,[a] is a medieval Catholic cathedral on the Île de la Cité (an island in the Seine River), in the 4th arrondissement of Paris, France. The cathedral, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, is considered one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture. Several attributes set it apart from the earlier Romanesque style, particularly its pioneering use of the rib vault and flying buttress, its enormous and colourful rose windows, and the naturalism and abundance of its sculptural decoration.[5] Notre-Dame also stands out for its three pipe organs (one historic) and its immense church bells.[6]

Built during medieval France, construction of the cathedral began in 1163 under Bishop Maurice de Sully and was largely completed by 1260, though it was modified in succeeding centuries. In the 1790s, during the French Revolution, Notre-Dame suffered extensive desecration; much of its religious imagery was damaged or destroyed. In the 19th century, the coronation of Napoleon I and the funerals of many of the French Republic's presidents took place at the cathedral.

The 1831 publication of Victor Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris (in English: The Hunchback of Notre-Dame) inspired interest which led to restoration between 1844 and 1864, supervised by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. On 26 August 1944, the Liberation of Paris from German occupation was celebrated in Notre-Dame with the singing of the Magnificat. Beginning in 1963, the cathedral's façade was cleaned of centuries of soot and grime. Another cleaning and restoration project was carried out between 1991 and 2000.[7]

The cathedral is a widely recognized symbol of the city of Paris and the French nation. In 1805, it was awarded honorary status as a minor basilica. As the cathedral of the archdiocese of Paris, Notre-Dame contains the cathedra of the archbishop of Paris (Laurent Ulrich).

In the early 21st century, approximately 12 million people visited Notre-Dame annually, making it the most visited monument in Paris.[8] The cathedral is renowned for its Lent sermons, a tradition founded in the 1830s by the Dominican Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire. In recent years, these sermons have increasingly been given by leading public figures or government-employed academics.

Over time, the cathedral has gradually been stripped of many decorations and artworks. However, the cathedral still contains several Gothic, Baroque, and 19th-century sculptures, 17th- and early 18th-century altarpieces, and some of the most important relics in Christendom – including the Crown of Thorns, a sliver of the true cross and a nail from the true cross.

On 15 April 2019, while Notre-Dame was undergoing renovation and restoration, its roof caught fire and burned for 15 hours. The cathedral sustained serious damage. The flèche (the timber spirelet over the crossing) was destroyed, as was most of the lead-covered wooden roof above the stone vaulted ceiling.[2] This contaminated the site and the nearby environment with lead.[9] After the fire, restoration proposals suggested modernizing the cathedral, but the French National Assembly rejected them, enacting a law on 29 July 2019 that required the restoration preserve the cathedral's "historic, artistic and architectural interest".[10] The task of stabilizing the building against potential collapse was completed in November 2020,[11] and reconstruction began in 2021. The government of France had said it hoped the reconstruction could be completed by Spring 2024, in time for the opening of the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris.[12][13] President Emmanuel Macron confirmed on 14 April 2021 that the cathedral site would be formally returned to the church on 15 April 2024, and that the first mass since the fire would be held in the cathedral nave on that day, even if the reconstruction has not been finished.[14] It is expected that the building will remain closed until December 2024.[15]

Key dates

    4th century – Cathedral of Saint Étienne, dedicated to Saint Stephen, built just west of present cathedral.[16]

    1163 – Bishop Maurice de Sully begins construction of new cathedral.[16]

    1182 or 1185 – Choir completed, clerestory with two levels: upper level of upright windows with pointed arches, still without tracery, lower level of small rose windows.

    c. 1200 – Construction of nave, with flying buttresses, completed.

    c. 1210–1220 – Construction of towers begins.

    c. 1210–1220 – Two new traverses join towers with nave. West rose window complete in 1220.

    After 1220 – New flying buttresses added to choir walls, remodeling of the clerestories: pointed arched windows are enlarged downward, replacing the triforia, and get tracery.

    1235–1245 – Chapels constructed between buttresses of nave and choir.

    1250–1260 – North transept lengthened by Jean de Chelles to provide more light. North rose window constructed.[17]

    1270 – South transept and rose window completed by Pierre de Montreuil.[18]

    1699 – Beginning of major redecoration of interior in Louis XIV style by Hardouin Mansart and Robert de Cotte.[19]

    1725–1727 – South rose window, poorly built, is reconstructed. Later entirely rebuilt in 1854.

    1790 – In the French Revolution the Revolutionary Paris Commune removes all bronze, lead, and precious metals from the cathedral to be melted down.[18]

    1793 – The cathedral is converted into a Temple of Reason and then Temple of the Supreme Being.

    1801–1802 – With the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon restores the use of the cathedral (though not ownership) to the Catholic Church.

    1804 – On December 2, Napoleon crowns himself Emperor at Notre-Dame.

    1805 – The cathedral is conceded the honor of minor basilica by Pope Pius VII, making it the first minor basilica outside of Italy.[20]

    1844–1864 – Major restoration by Jean-Baptiste Lassus and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc with additions in the spirit of the original Gothic style.[21]

    1871 – In final days of the Paris Commune, Communards attempt unsuccessfully to burn the cathedral.

    1944 – On August 26, General Charles de Gaulle celebrates the Liberation of Paris with a special mass at Notre-Dame.

    1949 – On April 26, the Archbishop of Paris, Emmanuel Célestin Suhard, crowns the venerated image of Our Lady of Guadalupe in the name of Pope Pius XII.

    1963 – Culture Minister André Malraux orders the cleaning of the cathedral façade of centuries of grime and soot.

    2019 – On April 15, a fire destroys a large part of the roof and the flèche.

    2021 – Reconstruction begins two years after the fire that destroyed a large part of the roof and the flèche.

History

Outline of the primitive Cathedral of Notre-Dame in 1150, on the spot of the nave, the transept and the choir of the current building. The Cathedral of Saint Étienne was located to the west, at the level of today's parvis.

Construction sequence from 12th century to present-day, created by Stephen Murray and Myles Zhang

It is believed that before the arrival of Christianity in France, a Gallo-Roman temple dedicated to Jupiter stood on the site of Notre-Dame. Evidence for this includes the Pillar of the Boatmen, discovered beneath the cathedral in 1710. In the 4th or 5th century, a large early Christian church, the Cathedral of Saint Étienne, was built on the site, close to the royal palace.[16] The entrance was situated about 40 metres (130 ft) west of the present west front of Notre-Dame, and the apse was located about where the west façade is today. It was roughly half the size of the later Notre-Dame, 70 metres (230 ft) long—and separated into nave and four aisles by marble columns, then decorated with mosaics.[7][22]

The last church before the cathedral of Notre-Dame was a Romanesque remodeling of Saint-Étienne that, although enlarged and remodeled, was found to be unfit for the growing population of Paris.[23][b] A baptistery, the Church of Saint-John-le-Rond, built about 452, was located on the north side of the west front of Notre-Dame until the work of Jacques-Germain Soufflot in the 18th century.[25]

In 1160, the Bishop of Paris, Maurice de Sully,[25] decided to build a new and much larger church. He summarily demolished the earlier cathedral and recycled its materials.[23] Sully decided that the new church should be built in the Gothic style, which had been inaugurated at the royal abbey of Saint Denis in the late 1130s.[22]

Construction

The chronicler Jean de Saint-Victor [fr] recorded in the Memorial Historiarum that the construction of Notre-Dame began between 24 March and 25 April 1163 with the laying of the cornerstone in the presence of King Louis VII and Pope Alexander III.[26][27] Four phases of construction took place under bishops Maurice de Sully and Eudes de Sully (not related to Maurice), according to masters whose names have been lost. Analysis of vault stones that fell in the 2019 fire shows that they were quarried in Vexin, a county northwest of Paris, and presumably brought up the Seine by ferry.[28]

Cross-section of the double supporting arches and buttresses of the nave, drawn by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc as they would have appeared from 1220 to 1230.[29]

The first phase began with the construction of the choir and its two ambulatories. According to Robert of Torigni, the choir was completed in 1177 and the high altar consecrated on 19 May 1182 by Cardinal Henri de Château-Marçay, the Papal legate in Paris, and Maurice de Sully.[30][failed verification] The second phase, from 1182 to 1190, concerned the construction of the four sections of the nave behind the choir and its aisles to the height of the clerestories. It began after the completion of the choir but ended before the final allotted section of the nave was finished. Beginning in 1190, the bases of the façade were put in place, and the first traverses were completed.[7] Heraclius of Caesarea called for the Third Crusade in 1185 from the still-incomplete cathedral.

Louis IX deposited the relics of the passion of Christ, which included the Crown of thorns, a nail from the Cross and a sliver of the Cross, which he had purchased at great expense from the Latin Emperor Baldwin II, in the cathedral during the construction of the Sainte-Chapelle. An under-shirt, believed to have belonged to Louis, was added to the collection of relics at some time after his death.

Transepts were added at the choir, where the altar was located, in order to bring more light into the centre of the church. The use of simpler four-part rather than six-part rib vaults meant that the roofs were stronger and could be higher. After Bishop Maurice de Sully's death in 1196, his successor, Eudes de Sully oversaw the completion of the transepts, and continued work on the nave, which was nearing completion at the time of his death in 1208. By this time, the western façade was already largely built, though it was not completed until around the mid-1240s. Between 1225 and 1250 the upper gallery of the nave was constructed, along with the two towers on the west façade.[31]

Arrows show forces in vault and current flying buttresses (detailed description).

Another significant change came in the mid-13th century, when the transepts were remodelled in the latest Rayonnant style; in the late 1240s Jean de Chelles added a gabled portal to the north transept topped by a spectacular rose window. Shortly afterward (from 1258) Pierre de Montreuil executed a similar scheme on the southern transept. Both these transept portals were richly embellished with sculpture; the south portal depicts scenes from the lives of Saint Stephen and of various local saints, while the north portal featured the infancy of Christ and the story of Theophilus in the tympanum, with a highly influential statue of the Virgin and Child in the trumeau.[32][31] Master builders Pierre de Chelles, Jean Ravy [fr], Jean le Bouteiller, and Raymond du Temple [fr] succeeded de Chelles and de Montreuil and then each other in the construction of the cathedral. Ravy completed de Chelles's rood screen and chevet chapels, then began the 15-metre (49 ft) flying buttresses of the choir. Jean le Bouteiller, Ravy's nephew, succeeded him in 1344 and was himself replaced on his death in 1363 by his deputy, Raymond du Temple.

Philip the Fair opened the first Estates General in the cathedral in 1302.

An important innovation in the 13th century was the introduction of the flying buttress. Before the buttresses, all of the weight of the roof pressed outward and down to the walls, and the abutments supporting them. With the flying buttress, the weight was carried by the ribs of the vault entirely outside the structure to a series of counter-supports, which were topped with stone pinnacles which gave them greater weight. The buttresses meant that the walls could be higher and thinner, and could have larger windows. The date of the first buttresses is not known with precision beyond an installation date in the 13th century. Art historian Andrew Tallon, however, has argued, based on detailed laser scans of the entire structure, that the buttresses were part of the original design. According to Tallon, the scans indicate that "the upper part of the building has not moved one smidgen in 800 years,"[33] whereas if they were added later some movement from prior to their addition would be expected. Tallon thus concluded that flying buttresses were present from the outset.[33] The first buttresses were replaced by larger and stronger ones in the 14th century; these had a reach of fifteen metres (50') between the walls and counter-supports.[7]

John of Jandun recognized the cathedral as one of Paris's three most important buildings [prominent structures] in his 1323 Treatise on the Praises of Paris:

    That most glorious church of the most glorious Virgin Mary, mother of God, deservedly shines out, like the sun among stars. And although some speakers, by their own free judgment, because [they are] able to see only a few things easily, may say that some other is more beautiful, I believe, however, respectfully, that, if they attend more diligently to the whole and the parts, they will quickly retract this opinion. Where indeed, I ask, would they find two towers of such magnificence and perfection, so high, so large, so strong, clothed round about with such multiple varieties of ornaments? Where, I ask, would they find such a multipartite arrangement of so many lateral vaults, above and below? Where, I ask, would they find such light-filled amenities as the many surrounding chapels? Furthermore, let them tell me in what church I may see such a large cross, of which one arm separates the choir from the nave. Finally, I would willingly learn where [there are] two such circles, situated opposite each other in a straight line, which on account of their appearance are given the name of the fourth vowel [O]; among which smaller orbs and circles, with wondrous artifice, so that some arranged circularly, others angularly, surround windows ruddy with precious colours and beautiful with the most subtle figures of the pictures. In fact, I believe that this church offers the carefully discerning such cause for admiration that its inspection can scarcely sate the soul.

    — Jean de Jandun, Tractatus de laudibus Parisius[34]

    Plan of the cathedral made by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc in the 19th century. Portals and nave to the left, a choir in the center, and apse and ambulatory to the right. The annex to the south is the sacristy.

    Plan of the cathedral made by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc in the 19th century. Portals and nave to the left, a choir in the center, and apse and ambulatory to the right. The annex to the south is the sacristy.

    Early six-part rib vaults of the nave. The ribs transferred the thrust of the weight of the roof downward and outwards to the pillars and the supporting buttresses.

    Early six-part rib vaults of the nave. The ribs transferred the thrust of the weight of the roof downward and outwards to the pillars and the supporting buttresses.

    The massive buttresses which counter the outward thrust from the rib vaults of the nave. The weight of the building-shaped pinnacles helps keep the line of thrust safely within the buttresses.

    The massive buttresses which counter the outward thrust from the rib vaults of the nave. The weight of the building-shaped pinnacles helps keep the line of thrust safely within the buttresses.

    Later flying buttresses of the apse of Notre-Dame (14th century) reached 15 metres (49 ft) from the wall to the counter-supports.

    Later flying buttresses of the apse of Notre-Dame (14th century) reached 15 metres (49 ft) from the wall to the counter-supports.

15th–18th century

On 16 December 1431, the boy-king Henry VI of England was crowned king of France in Notre-Dame, aged ten, the traditional coronation church of Reims Cathedral being under French control.[35]

During the Renaissance, the Gothic style fell out of style, and the internal pillars and walls of Notre-Dame were covered with tapestries.[36]

In 1548, rioting Huguenots damaged some of the statues of Notre-Dame, considering them idolatrous.[37]

The fountain [fr] in Notre-Dame's parvis was added in 1625 to provide nearby Parisians with running water.[38]

Since 1449, the Parisian goldsmith guild had made regular donations to the cathedral chapter. In 1630, the guild began donating a large altarpiece every year on the first of May. These works came to be known as the grands mays.[39] The subject matter was restricted to episodes from the Acts of the Apostles. The prestigious commission was awarded to the most prominent painters and, after 1648, members of the Académie Royale.

Seventy-six paintings had been donated by 1708, when the custom was discontinued for financial reasons. Those works were confiscated in 1793 and the majority were subsequently dispersed among regional museums in France. Those that remained in the cathedral were removed or relocated within the building by the 19th-century restorers.

Today, thirteen of the grands mays hang in Notre-Dame although these paintings suffered water damage during the fire of 2019 and were removed for conservation.

An altarpiece depicting the Visitation, painted by Jean Jouvenet in 1707, was also located in the cathedral.

The canon Antoine de La Porte commissioned for Louis XIV six paintings depicting the life of the Virgin Mary for the choir. At this same time, Charles de La Fosse painted his Adoration of the Magi, now in the Louvre.[40] Louis Antoine de Noailles, archbishop of Paris, extensively modified the roof of Notre-Dame in 1726, renovating its framing and removing the gargoyles with lead gutters. Noailles also strengthened the buttresses, galleries, terraces, and vaults.[41] In 1756, the cathedral's canons decided that its interior was too dark. The medieval stained glass windows, except the rosettes, were removed and replaced with plain, white glass panes.[36] Lastly, Jacques-Germain Soufflot was tasked with the modification of the portals at the front of the cathedral to allow processions to enter more easily.

    Henry VI of England's coronation in Notre-Dame as King of France, aged ten, during the Hundred Years' War. His accession to the throne was in accordance with the Treaty of Troyes of 1420.

    Henry VI of England's coronation in Notre-Dame as King of France, aged ten, during the Hundred Years' War. His accession to the throne was in accordance with the Treaty of Troyes of 1420.

    La Descente du Saint-Esprit; illustration depicting Notre-Dame from the Hours of Étienne Chevalier by Jean Fouquet, c. 1450

    La Descente du Saint-Esprit; illustration depicting Notre-Dame from the Hours of Étienne Chevalier by Jean Fouquet, c. 1450

    A Te Deum in the choir of Notre-Dame in 1669, during the reign of Louis XIV. The choir was redesigned to make room for more lavish ceremonies.

    A Te Deum in the choir of Notre-Dame in 1669, during the reign of Louis XIV. The choir was redesigned to make room for more lavish ceremonies.

    The western façade and parvis of Notre-Dame in 1699. On the left is the old baptistery. The fountain is in the square.

    The western façade and parvis of Notre-Dame in 1699. On the left is the old baptistery. The fountain is in the square.

French Revolution and Napoleon

After the French Revolution in 1789, Notre-Dame and the rest of the church's property in France was seized and made public property.[42] The cathedral was rededicated in 1793 to the Cult of Reason, and then to the Cult of the Supreme Being in 1794.[43] During this time, many of the treasures of the cathedral were either destroyed or plundered. The twenty-eight statues of biblical kings located at the west façade, mistaken for statues of French kings, were beheaded.[7][44] Many of the heads were found during a 1977 excavation nearby, and are on display at the Musée de Cluny. For a time the Goddess of Liberty replaced the Virgin Mary on several altars.[45] The cathedral's great bells escaped being melted down. All of the other large statues on the façade, with the exception of the statue of the Virgin Mary on the portal of the cloister, were destroyed.[7] The cathedral came to be used as a warehouse for the storage of food and other non-religious purposes.[37]

With the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon Bonaparte restored Notre-Dame to the Catholic Church, though this was only finalized on 18 April 1802. Napoleon also named Paris's new bishop, Jean-Baptiste de Belloy, who restored the cathedral's interior. Charles Percier and Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine made quasi-Gothic modifications to Notre-Dame for the coronation of Napoleon as Emperor of the French within the cathedral. The building's exterior was whitewashed and the interior decorated in Neoclassical style, then in vogue.[46]

    Cult of Reason is celebrated at Notre-Dame during the French Revolution (1793)

    Cult of Reason is celebrated at Notre-Dame during the French Revolution (1793)

    Arrival of Napoleon at the east end of Notre-Dame for his coronation as Emperor of the French on 2 December 1804

    Arrival of Napoleon at the east end of Notre-Dame for his coronation as Emperor of the French on 2 December 1804

    The coronation of Napoleon, on 2 December 1804 at Notre-Dame, as portrayed in the 1807 painting The Coronation of Napoleon by Jacques-Louis David

    The coronation of Napoleon, on 2 December 1804 at Notre-Dame, as portrayed in the 1807 painting The Coronation of Napoleon by Jacques-Louis David

19th-century restoration

In the decades after the Napoleonic Wars, Notre-Dame fell into such a state of disrepair that Paris officials considered its demolition. Victor Hugo, who admired the cathedral, wrote the novel Notre-Dame de Paris (published in English as The Hunchback of Notre-Dame) in 1831 to save Notre-Dame. The book was an enormous success, raising awareness of the cathedral's decaying state.[7] The same year as Hugo's novel was published, however, anti-Legitimists plundered Notre-Dame's sacristy.[47] In 1844 King Louis Philippe ordered that the church be restored.[7]

The architect who had hitherto been in charge of Notre-Dame's maintenance, Étienne-Hippolyte Godde, was dismissed. In his stead, Jean-Baptiste Lassus and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, who had distinguished themselves with the restoration of the nearby Sainte-Chapelle, were appointed in 1844. The next year, Viollet-le-Duc submitted a budget of 3,888,500 francs, which was reduced to 2,650,000 francs, for the restoration of Notre-Dame and the construction of a new sacristy building. This budget was exhausted in 1850, and work stopped as Viollet-le-Duc made proposals for more money. In totality, the restoration cost over 12 million francs. Supervising a large team of sculptors, glass makers and other craftsmen, and working from drawings or engravings, Viollet-le-Duc remade or added decorations if he felt they were in the spirit of the original style. One of the latter items was a taller and more ornate flèche, to replace the original 13th-century flèche, which had been removed in 1786.[48] The decoration of the restoration included a bronze roof statue of Saint Thomas that resembles Viollet-le-Duc, as well as the sculpture of mythical creatures on the Galerie des Chimères.[37]

The construction of the sacristy was especially financially costly. To secure a firm foundation, it was necessary for Viollet-le-Duc's labourers to dig 9 metres (30 ft). Master glassworkers meticulously copied styles of the 13th century, as written about by art historians Antoine Lusson and Adolphe Napoléon Didron.[49]

During the Paris Commune of March through May 1871, the Cathedral and other churches were closed, and some two hundred priests and the Archbishop of Paris were taken as hostages. In May, during the Semaine sanglante of "Bloody Week", as the army recaptured the city, the Communards targeted the cathedral, along with the Tuileries Palace and other landmarks, for destruction; the Communards piled the furniture together in order to burn the cathedral. The arson was halted when the Communard government realised that the fire would also destroy the neighbouring Hôtel-Dieu hospital, filled with hundreds of patients.[50]

    The western façade of Notre-Dame in 1841, showing the building in an advanced state of disrepair before the major restoration by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc

    The western façade of Notre-Dame in 1841, showing the building in an advanced state of disrepair before the major restoration by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc

    Proposed doorway decoration by Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lassus and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc; plate engraved by Léon Gaucherel

    Proposed doorway decoration by Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lassus and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc; plate engraved by Léon Gaucherel

    The southern façade of Notre-Dame at the beginning of the restoration work; photo from 1847 by Hippolyte Bayard

    The southern façade of Notre-Dame at the beginning of the restoration work; photo from 1847 by Hippolyte Bayard

    Model of the flèche and "forest" of wooden roof beams made for Viollet-le-Duc (1859) (Museum of Historic Monuments, Paris)

    Model of the flèche and "forest" of wooden roof beams made for Viollet-le-Duc (1859) (Museum of Historic Monuments, Paris)

    The western façade of Notre-Dame in the early 1860s, towards the end of the restoration. The flèche was rebuilt and the statues of the kings were partially restored.

    The western façade of Notre-Dame in the early 1860s, towards the end of the restoration. The flèche was rebuilt and the statues of the kings were partially restored.

20th century

Façade of Notre-Dame in the 1930s

During the liberation of Paris in August 1944, the cathedral suffered some minor damage from stray bullets. Some of the medieval glass was damaged, and was replaced by glass with modern abstract designs. On 26 August, a special mass was held in the cathedral to celebrate the liberation of Paris from the Germans; it was attended by General Charles De Gaulle and General Philippe Leclerc.

In 1963, on the initiative of culture minister André Malraux and to mark the 800th anniversary of the cathedral, the façade was cleaned of the centuries of soot and grime, restoring it to its original off-white colour.[51]

On 19 January 1969, vandals placed a North Vietnamese flag at the top the flèche, and sabotaged the stairway leading to it. The flag was cut from the flèche by Paris Fire Brigade Sergeant Raymond Belle in a daring helicopter mission, the first of its kind in France.[52][53][54]

The Requiem Mass of Charles de Gaulle was held in Notre-Dame on 12 November 1970.[55] The next year, on 26 June 1971, Philippe Petit walked across a tight-rope strung between Notre-Dame's two bell towers entertaining spectators.[56]

After the Magnificat of 30 May 1980, Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass on the parvis of the cathedral.[57]

The Requiem Mass of François Mitterrand was held at the cathedral, as with past French heads of state, on 11 January 1996.[58]

The stone masonry of the cathedral's exterior had deteriorated in the 19th and 20th century due to increased air pollution in Paris, which accelerated erosion of decorations and discoloured the stone. By the late 1980s, several gargoyles and turrets had also fallen or become too loose to safely remain in place.[59] A decade-long renovation programme began in 1991 and replaced much of the exterior, with care given to retain the authentic architectural elements of the cathedral, including rigorous inspection of new limestone blocks.[59][60] A discreet system of electrical wires, not visible from below, was also installed on the roof to deter pigeons.[61] The cathedral's pipe organ was upgraded with a computerized system to control the mechanical connections to the pipes.[62] The west face was cleaned and restored in time for millennium celebrations in December 1999.[63]

21st century

Notre-Dame in May 2012. From top to bottom, nave walls are pierced by clerestory windows, arches to triforium, and arches to side aisles.

The Requiem Mass of Cardinal Jean-Marie Lustiger, former archbishop of Paris and Jewish convert to Catholicism, was held in Notre-Dame on 10 August 2007.[64]

The set of four 19th-century bells at the top of the northern towers at Notre-Dame were melted down and recast into new bronze bells in 2013, to celebrate the building's 850th anniversary. They were designed to recreate the sound of the cathedral's original bells from the 17th century.[65][66] Despite the 1990s renovation, the cathedral had continued to show signs of deterioration that prompted the national government to propose a new renovation program in the late 2010s.[67][68] The entire renovation was estimated to cost €100 million, which the archbishop of Paris planned to raise through funds from the national government and private donations.[69] A €6 million renovation of the cathedral's flèche began in late 2018 and continued into the following year, requiring the temporary removal of copper statues on the roof and other decorative elements days before the April 2019 fire.[70][71]

Notre-Dame began a year-long celebration of the 850th anniversary of the laying of the first building block for the cathedral on 12 December 2012.[72] During that anniversary year, on 21 May 2013, Dominique Venner, a historian and white nationalist, placed a letter on the church altar and shot himself, dying instantly. Around 1,500 visitors were evacuated from the cathedral.[73]

French police arrested two people on 8 September 2016 after a car containing seven gasoline canisters was found near Notre-Dame.[74]

On 10 February 2017, French police arrested four persons in Montpellier already known by authorities to have ties to radical Islamist organizations on charges of plotting to travel to Paris and attack the cathedral.[75] Later that year, on 6 June, visitors were shut inside Notre-Dame cathedral in Paris after a man with a hammer attacked a police officer outside.[76][77]

2019 fire

Main article: Notre-Dame fire

On 15 April 2019 the cathedral caught fire, destroying the flèche and the "forest" of oak roof beams supporting the lead roof.[2][78][79] It was speculated that the fire was linked to ongoing renovation work.

According to later studies, the fire broke out in the attic of the cathedral at 18:18. The smoke detectors immediately signaled the fire to a cathedral employee, who did not summon the fire brigade but instead sent a cathedral guard to investigate. Instead of going to the correct attic, the guard was sent to the wrong location, to the attic of the adjoining sacristy, and reported there was no fire. The guard telephoned his supervisor, who did not immediately answer. About fifteen minutes later the error was discovered, whereupon the guard's supervisor told him to go to the correct location. The fire brigade was still not notified. By the time the guard had climbed the three hundred steps to the cathedral attic the fire was well advanced.[80] The alarm system was not designed to automatically notify the fire brigade, which was finally summoned at 18:51 after the guard had returned from the attic and reported a now-raging fire, and more than half an hour after the fire alarm had begun sounding.[81]

Firefighters arrived in less than ten minutes.[82]

The cathedral's flèche collapsed at 19:50, bringing down some 750 tonnes of stone and lead. The firefighters inside were ordered back down. By this time the fire had spread to the north tower, where the eight bells were located. The firefighters concentrated their efforts in the tower. They feared that, if the bells fell, they could wreck the tower, and endanger the structure of the other tower and the whole cathedral. They had to ascend a stairway threatened by fire, and to contend with low water pressure for their hoses. As other firefighters watered the stairway and the roof, a team of twenty climbed the narrow stairway of the south tower, crossed to the north tower, lowered hoses to be connected to fire engines outside the cathedral, and sprayed water on the fire beneath the bells. By 21:45, they brought the fire under control.[80]

The main structure was intact; firefighters saved the façade, towers, walls, buttresses, and stained glass windows. The Great Organ, which has over 8,000 pipes and was built by François Thierry in the 18th century was also saved but sustained water damage.[83] Because of the ongoing renovation, the copper statues on the flèche had been removed before the fire.[84] The stone vaulting that forms the ceiling of the cathedral had several holes but was otherwise intact.[85]

Since 1905, France's cathedrals (including Notre-Dame) have been owned by the state, which is self-insured. Some costs might be recovered through insurance coverage if the fire is found to have been caused by contractors working on the site.[86] The French insurer AXA provided insurance coverage for two of the contracting firms working on Notre-Dame's restoration before the blaze. AXA also provided insurance coverage for some of the relics and artworks in the cathedral.[87]

President Emmanuel Macron said approximately 500 firefighters helped to battle the fire. One firefighter was seriously injured and two police officers were hurt during the blaze.[88]

An ornate tapestry woven in the early 1800s is going on public display for only the third time in recent decades. The decoration was rescued from Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral after the fire.[89]

For the first time in more than 200 years, the Christmas mass was not hosted at the cathedral on 25 December 2019, due to the ongoing restoration work after the fire.[90]

Eight members of the cathedral choir, a number limited by COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, performed inside the building for the first time since the fire in December 2020. A video of the event aired later, just before midnight on 24 December 2020.[91]

    The 2019 fire destroyed Notre-Dame's wooden roof and flèche but left the outer structure largely intact.

    The 2019 fire destroyed Notre-Dame's wooden roof and flèche but left the outer structure largely intact.

    The flèche aflame during the 2019 fire, before its collapse

    The flèche aflame during the 2019 fire, before its collapse

    Animation showing the south façade before and after the fire; scaffolding had been erected as part of renovations underway when the fire started

    Animation showing the south façade before and after the fire; scaffolding had been erected as part of renovations underway when the fire started

    The area directly under the crossing and two other cells of vaulting collapsed

    The area directly under the crossing and two other cells of vaulting collapsed

    In red, the destroyed parts

    In red, the destroyed parts

Stabilization of the building

The roof reduced to piles of char at the top of the mostly intact vaults

Immediately after the fire, President Macron promised that Notre-Dame would be restored, and called for the work to be completed within five years.[92][93][94][95] An international architectural competition was also announced to redesign the flèche and roof.[96] The hasty flèche competition announcement drew immediate criticism in the international press from heritage academics and professionals who faulted the French government for being too narrowly focused on quickly building a new flèche, and neglecting to frame its response more holistically as an inclusive social process encompassing the whole building and its long-term users.[97][98] A new law was immediately drafted to make Notre-Dame exempt from existing heritage laws and procedures, which prompted an open letter to President Macron signed by over 1,170 heritage experts urging respect for existing regulations.[99] The law, which passed on 11 May 2019, was hotly debated in the French National Assembly, with opponents accusing Macron's administration of using Notre-Dame self-servingly for political grandstanding, and defenders arguing the need for expediency and tax breaks to encourage philanthropic giving.[100]

President Macron suggested he was open to a "contemporary architectural gesture". Even before the competition rules were announced, architects around the world offered suggestions: the proposals included a 100-metre (330 ft) flèche made of carbon fibre, covered with gold leaf; a roof built of stained glass; a greenhouse; a garden with trees, open to the sky; and a column of light pointed upwards. A poll published in the French newspaper Le Figaro on 8 May 2019 showed that 55% of French respondents wanted a flèche identical to the original. French culture minister Franck Riester promised that the restoration "will not be hasty."[101] On 29 July 2019, the French National Assembly enacted a law requiring that the restoration must "preserve the historic, artistic and architectural interest of the monument".[10]

In October 2019, the French government announced that the first stage of reconstruction, the stabilising of the structure against collapse, would take until the end of 2020. In December 2019, Monseigneur Patrick Chauvet, the rector of the cathedral, said there was still a 50% chance that Notre-Dame cannot be saved due to the risk of the remaining scaffolding falling onto the three damaged vaults.[102][103] Reconstruction could not begin before early 2021. President Macron announced that he hoped the reconstructed Cathedral could be finished by Spring 2024, in time for the opening of the 2024 Summer Olympics.[12]

The first task of the restoration was the removal of 250–300 tonnes of melted metal tubes, the remains of the scaffolding, which remained on the top after the fire and could have fallen onto the vaults and caused further structural damage. This stage began in February 2020 and continued through April 2020.[104] A large crane, 84 metres (276 ft) high, was put in place next to the cathedral to help remove the scaffolding.[105] Later, wooden support beams were added to stabilise the flying buttresses and other structures.[106]

On 10 April 2020, the archbishop of Paris, Michel Aupetit, and a handful of participants, all in protective clothing to prevent exposure to lead dust, performed a Good Friday service inside the cathedral.[107] Music was provided by the violinist Renaud Capuçon; the lectors were the actors Philippe Torreton and Judith Chemla.[108] Chemla gave an a cappella rendition of Ave Maria.[109]

A new phase of the restoration commenced on 8 June 2020. Two teams of workers began descending into the roof to remove the tangle of tubes of the old scaffolding melted by the fire. The workers used saws to cut up the forty thousand pieces of scaffolding, weighing altogether two hundred tons, which was carefully lifted out of the roof by an 80-metre-tall (260 ft) crane. The phase was completed in November 2020.[110]

Heading reconstruction

In February 2021, the selection of oak trees to replace the flèche and roof timbers destroyed by the fire began. As many as a thousand mature trees will be chosen from the forests of France, each of a diameter of 50 to 90 centimetres (20 to 35 in) and a height of 8 to 14 metres (26 to 46 ft), and an age of several hundred years. Once cut, the trees must dry for 12 to 18 months. The trees will be replaced by new plantings.[111]

Two years after the fire, a great deal of work had been completed but a news report stated that: "there is still a hole on top of the church. They're also building a replica of the church's spire". More oak trees needed to be shipped to Paris, where they would need to be dried before use; they will be essential in completing the restoration.[112] The oaks used to make the framework are tested and selected by Sylvatest.[113]

On September 18, 2021, the public agency overseeing the Cathedral stated that the safety work was completed, the cathedral was now fully secured, and that reconstruction would begin within a few months.[114]

Research

In 2022, a preventive dig carried out between February and April before the construction of a scaffold for reconstructing the cathedral's flèche unearthed several statues and tombs under the cathedral.[115] One of the discoveries included a 14th-century lead sarcophagus that was found 65 feet below where the transept crosses the church's 12th-century nave.[116] On April 14, 2022, France's National Preventive Archaeological Research Institute (INRAP [fr]) announced that the sarcophagus was extracted from the cathedral and that scientists have already peeked into the casket using an endoscopic camera, revealing the upper part of a skeleton.[117] Another significant discovery was an opening below the cathedral floor, likely made around 1230 when the Gothic cathedral was first under construction; inside were fragments of a choir screen dating from the 13th century that had been destroyed in the early 18th century.[118] In March 2023, in another significant discovery, archaeologists uncovered thousands of metal staples in various parts of the cathedral, some dating back to the early 1160s. The archaeologists concluded that "Notre Dame is now unquestionably the first known Gothic cathedral where iron was massively used to bind stones as a proper construction material."[119][120]

    Ongoing stabilization of Notre-Dame (29 February 2020)

    Ongoing stabilization of Notre-Dame (29 February 2020)

    Stabilization of Notre-Dame and removal of roof debris and scaffolding (29 February 2020)

    Stabilization of Notre-Dame and removal of roof debris and scaffolding (29 February 2020)

    Front view of the Cathedral as of January 2023

    Front view of the Cathedral as of January 2023

Colour and controversy

The colour of the restored interior will be "a shock" to some returning visitors, according to General Jean-Louis Georgelin, the French army officer heading the restoration. "The whiteness under the dirt was quite spectacular". [121] The stone was sprayed with a latex solution to lift off accumulated grime and soot. However, the cleaning of the church interior with latex solutions was criticized by Michael Daley of Artwatch UK, referring to the earlier cleaning of Saint Paul's Cathedral in London. He asked, "Is there any good basis for wishing to present an artificially brightened and ahistorical white interior?" [122] Jean-Michel Guilemont of the French Ministry of culture responded, "The interior elevations will regain their original colour, since the chapels and side aisles were very dirty. Of course it is not a white colour. The stone has a blonde colour, and the architects are very attentive to obtaining a patina which respects the centuries".[123]

Towers and the flèche

    Towers on west façade (1220–1250)

    Towers on west façade (1220–1250)

    The gallery of chimeras pictured in 1910 by Georges Redon

    The gallery of chimeras pictured in 1910 by Georges Redon

    The 19th-century flèche

    The 19th-century flèche

    The rooster reliquary at the top of the flèche. It was found lightly damaged in the rubble after the 2019 fire.

    The rooster reliquary at the top of the flèche. It was found lightly damaged in the rubble after the 2019 fire.

    The flèche from above, in 2013

    The flèche from above, in 2013

    Statue of Thomas the Apostle, with the features of restorer Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, at the base of the flèche

    Statue of Thomas the Apostle, with the features of restorer Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, at the base of the flèche

The two towers are 69 metres (226 ft) high, and were the tallest structures in Paris until the completion of the Eiffel Tower in 1889. The towers were the last major element of the cathedral to be constructed. The south tower was built first, between 1220 and 1240, and the north tower between 1235 and 1250. The newer north tower is slightly larger, as can be seen when they are viewed from directly in front of the church. The contrefort or buttress of the north tower is also larger.[124]

The south tower was accessible to visitors by a stairway, whose entrance was on the south side of the tower. The stairway has 387 steps, and has a stop at the Gothic hall at the level of the rose window, where visitors could look over the parvis and see a collection of paintings and sculpture from earlier periods of the cathedral's history.

The fourteen bells of the cathedral are located in the north and south towers (see Bells below).

Main article: Spire of Notre-Dame de Paris

The cathedral's flèche (or spirelet) was located over the transept. The original flèche was constructed in the 13th century, probably between 1220 and 1230. It was battered, weakened and bent by the wind over five centuries, and finally was removed in 1786. During the 19th-century restoration, Eugène Viollet-le-Duc recreated it, making a new version of oak covered with lead. The entire flèche weighed 750 tonnes.

Following Viollet-le-Duc's plans, the flèche was surrounded by copper statues of the twelve Apostles‍—‌a group of three at each point of the compass. In front of each group is a symbol representing one of the four evangelists: a winged ox for Saint Luke,[125] a lion for Saint Mark, an eagle for Saint John and an angel for Saint Matthew. Just days prior to the fire, the statues were removed for restoration.[126] While in place, they had faced outwards towards Paris, except one: the statue of Saint Thomas, the patron saint of architects, faced the flèche, and had the features of Viollet-le-Duc.

The rooster weathervane at the top of the flèche contained three relics: a tiny piece from the Crown of Thorns in the cathedral treasury, and relics of Saint Denis and Saint Genevieve, patron saints of Paris. They were placed there in 1935 by Archbishop Jean Verdier, to protect the congregation from lightning or other harm. The rooster with relics intact was recovered in the rubble shortly after the fire.[127]

Iconography–the "poor people's book"

See also: List of sculptures in Notre-Dame de Paris

The Gothic cathedral was a liber pauperum, a "poor people's book", covered with sculptures vividly illustrating biblical stories, for the vast majority of parishioners who were, at the time, illiterate. To add to the effect, all of the sculpture on the façades was originally painted and gilded.[128]

    Illustration of the Last Judgment, central portal of west façade

    Illustration of the Last Judgment,

    central portal of west façade

    The martyr Saint Denis, holding his head, over the Portal of the Virgin

    The martyr Saint Denis, holding his head, over the Portal of the Virgin

    The serpent tempts Adam and Eve; on the Portal of the Virgin

    The serpent tempts Adam and Eve; on the Portal of the Virgin

    Archangel Michael and Satan weighing souls during the Last Judgment (central portal, west façade)

    Archangel Michael and Satan weighing souls during the Last Judgment (central portal, west façade)

    A strix on the west façade

    A strix on the west façade

    Gargoyles were the rainspouts of the cathedral

    Gargoyles were the rainspouts of the cathedral

    Chimera on the façade

    Chimera on the façade

    Allegory of alchemy, central portal

    Allegory of alchemy, central portal

    Ecclesia and Synagoga, statues on each side of the west façade

    Ecclesia and Synagoga, statues on each side of the west façade

The tympanum over the central portal on the west façade, facing the square, vividly illustrates the Last Judgment, with figures of sinners being led off to hell, and good Christians taken to heaven. The sculpture of the right portal shows the coronation of the Virgin Mary, and the left portal shows the lives of saints who were important to Parisians, particularly Saint Anne, the mother of the Virgin Mary.[129]

The exteriors of cathedrals and other Gothic churches were also decorated with sculptures of grotesques or monsters. These included the gargoyle, the chimera, a mythical hybrid creature which usually had the body of a lion and the head of a goat, and the Strix or stryge, a creature resembling an owl or bat, which was said to eat human flesh. The strix appeared in classical Roman literature; it was described by the Roman poet Ovid, who was widely read in the Middle Ages, as a large-headed bird with transfixed eyes, rapacious beak, and greyish white wings.[130] They were part of the visual message for the illiterate worshipers, symbols of the evil and danger that threatened those who did not follow the teachings of the church.[131]

The gargoyles, which were added in about 1240, had a more practical purpose. They were the rain spouts of the cathedral, designed to divide the torrent of water which poured from the roof after rain, and to project it outwards as far as possible from the buttresses and the walls and windows where it might erode the mortar binding the stone. To produce many thin streams rather than a torrent of water, a large number of gargoyles were used, so they were also designed to be a decorative element of the architecture. The rainwater ran from the roof into lead gutters, then down channels on the flying buttresses, then along a channel cut in the back of the gargoyle and out of the mouth away from the cathedral.[128]

Amid all the religious figures, some of the sculptural decoration was devoted to illustrating medieval science and philosophy. The central portal of the west façade is decorated with carved figures holding circular plaques with symbols of transformation taken from alchemy. The central pillar of the central door of Notre-Dame features a statue of a woman on a throne holding a sceptre in her left hand, and in her right hand, two books, one open (symbol of public knowledge), and the other closed (esoteric knowledge), along with a ladder with seven steps, symbolizing the seven steps alchemists followed in their scientific quest of trying to transform ordinary metals into gold.[131] On each side of the west façade, there are statues of Ecclesia and Synagoga. The statues represent supersessionism, the Christian belief that Christianity has replaced Judaism.[132]

Many of the statues, particularly the grotesques, were removed from the façade in the 17th and 18th centuries, or were destroyed during the French Revolution. They were replaced with figures in the Gothic style, designed by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, during the 19th-century restoration.

Stained glass – rose windows

    The earliest rose window, on the west façade (about 1225)

    The earliest rose window, on the west façade (about 1225)

    The west rose window (about 1225)

    The west rose window (about 1225)

    North rose window (about 1250)

    North rose window (about 1250)

    North rose window including lower 18 vertical windows

    North rose window including lower 18 vertical windows

The stained glass windows of Notre-Dame, particularly the three rose windows, are among the most famous features of the cathedral. The west rose window, over the portals, was the first and smallest of the roses in Notre-Dame. It is 9.6 metres (32') in diameter, and was made in about 1225, with the pieces of glass set in a thick circular stone frame. None of the original glass remains in this window; it was recreated in the 19th century.[133]

The two transept windows are larger and contain a greater proportion of glass than the rose on the west façade, because the new system of buttresses made the nave walls thinner and stronger. The north rose was created in about 1250, and the south rose in about 1260. The south rose in the transept is particularly notable for its size and artistry. It is 12.9 metres (42') in diameter; with the claire-voie surrounding it, a total of 19 metres (62'). It was given to the cathedral by King Louis IX of France, known as Saint Louis.[134]

The south rose has 94 medallions, arranged in four circles, depicting scenes from the life of Christ and those who witnessed his time on earth. The inner circle has twelve medallions showing the twelve apostles. (During later restorations, some of these original medallions were moved to circles farther out). The next two circles depict celebrated martyrs and virgins. The fourth circle shows twenty angels, as well as saints important to Paris, notably Saint Denis, Margaret the Virgin with a dragon, and Saint Eustace. The third and fourth circles also have some depictions of Old Testament subjects. The third circle has some medallions with scenes from the New Testament Gospel of Matthew which date from the last quarter of the 12th century. These are the oldest glass in the window.[134]

Additional scenes in the corners around the rose window include Jesus' Descent into Hell, Adam and Eve, the Resurrection of Christ. Saint Peter and Saint Paul are at the bottom of the window, and Mary Magdalene and John the Apostle at the top.

Above the rose was a window depicting Christ triumphant seated in the sky, surrounded by his Apostles. Below are sixteen windows with painted images of Prophets. These were not part of the original window; they were painted during the restoration in the 19th century by Alfred Gérenthe, under the direction of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, based upon a similar window at Chartres Cathedral.[134]

The south rose had a difficult history. In 1543 it was damaged by the settling of the masonry walls, and not restored until 1725–1727. It was seriously damaged in the French Revolution of 1830. Rioters burned the residence of the archbishop, next to the cathedral, and many of the panes were destroyed. The window was entirely rebuilt by Viollet-le-Duc in 1861. He rotated the window by fifteen degrees to give it a clear vertical and horizontal axis, and replaced the destroyed pieces of glass with new glass in the same style. The window today contains both medieval and 19th-century glass.[134]

In the 1960s, after three decades of debate, it was decided to replace many of the 19th-century grisaille windows in the nave designed by Viollet-le-Duc with new windows. The new windows, made by Jacques Le Chevallier, are without human figures and use abstract grisaille designs and colour to try to recreate the luminosity of the cathedral's interior in the 13th century.

The massive fire left the three great medieval rose windows essentially intact, but with some damage.[135] The rector of the Cathedral noted that one rose window would have to be dismantled, as it was unstable and at risk.[136] Most of the other damaged windows were of much less historical value.[136]

Burials and crypts

For the Archeological Crypt located outside of Notre-Dame, see Parvis Notre-Dame – Place Jean-Paul-II.

See also: Category:Burials at Notre-Dame de Paris

Unlike some other French cathedrals, Notre-Dame was originally constructed without a crypt. In the medieval period, burials were made directly into the floor of the church, or in above-ground sarcophagi, some with tomb effigies (French: gisant). High-ranking clergy and some royals were buried in the choir and apse, while many others, including lower-ranking clergy and lay people, were buried in the nave or chapels. There is no surviving complete record of all of the burials.

In 1699, many of the choir tombs were disturbed or covered over during a major renovation project. Remains which were exhumed were reburied in a common tomb beside the high altar. In 1711, a small crypt measuring about six meters by six meters (20' x 20') was dug out in the middle of the choir which was used as a burial vault for the archbishops, if they had not requested to be buried elsewhere. It was during this excavation that the 1st-century Pillar of the Boatmen was discovered.[137] In 1758, three more crypts were dug in the Chapel of Saint-Georges to be used for burials of canons of Notre-Dame. In 1765, a larger crypt was built under the nave to be used for burials of canons, beneficiaries, chaplains, cantors, and choirboys. Between 1771 and 1773, the cathedral floor was repaved with black and white marble tiles, which covered over most of the remaining tombs. This prevented many of these tombs from being disturbed during the French Revolution.

In 1858, the choir crypt was expanded to stretch most of the length of the choir. During this project, many medieval tombs were rediscovered. Likewise the nave crypt was also rediscovered in 1863 when a larger vault was dug out to install a vault heater. Many other tombs are also located in the chapels.[138][139]

    Eudes de Sully was the first bishop to be buried in Notre-Dame. His copper-covered sarcophocus was placed in the middle of the choir where it remained for almost five centuries.

    Eudes de Sully was the first bishop to be buried in Notre-Dame. His copper-covered sarcophocus was placed in the middle of the choir where it remained for almost five centuries.

    The tomb of bishop Matifort (died 1304) located behind the high altar is the only surviving medieval funerary sculpture at Notre-Dame.

    The tomb of bishop Matifort (died 1304) located behind the high altar is the only surviving medieval funerary sculpture at Notre-Dame.

    Burial vault under the choir of Notre-Dame, c. 1746. Pictured left to right are the tombs of Archbishops Vintimille and Bellefonds, the funerary urn of Archbishop Noailles, and two unidentified tombs.

    Burial vault under the choir of Notre-Dame, c. 1746. Pictured left to right are the tombs of Archbishops Vintimille and Bellefonds, the funerary urn of Archbishop Noailles, and two unidentified tombs.

    The tomb of Archbishop Affre (1793–1848) in the Chapel of Saint-Denis. The sculpture depicts the archbishop's mortal wounding during the June Days uprising while holding an olive branch as a sign of peace. The inscription reads Puisse mon sang être le dernier versé! ("May my blood be the last shed!").

    The tomb of Archbishop Affre (1793–1848) in the Chapel of Saint-Denis. The sculpture depicts the archbishop's mortal wounding during the June Days uprising while holding an olive branch as a sign of peace. The inscription reads Puisse mon sang être le dernier versé! ("May my blood be the last shed!").

Great organ

The great organ

One of the earliest organs at Notre-Dame, built in 1403 by Frédéric Schambantz, was rebuilt many times over the course of 300 years, however 12 pipes and some wood survive from this ancient instrument. It was replaced between 1730 and 1738 by François Thierry, and later rebuilt by François-Henri Clicquot. During the restoration of the cathedral by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, Aristide Cavaillé-Coll built a new organ, using pipework from the former instruments. The organ was dedicated in 1868.

In 1904, Charles Mutin modified and added several stops upon the suggestions of titular organist Louis Vierne; in 1924, an electric blower was installed, which was financed by Rolls-Royce CEO, Claude Johnson. An extensive restoration and cleaning was carried out by Joseph Beuchet in 1932 which mostly included changes to the Récit. Between 1959 and 1963, the mechanical action with Barker levers was replaced with an electric action by Jean Hermann, and a new organ console was installed.

During the following years, the stoplist was gradually modified by Robert Boisseau (who added three chamade stops: 8′, 4′, and 2′/16′) in 1968 and Jean-Loup Boisseau after 1975, all upon the orders of Pierre Cochereau. In autumn 1983, the electric combination system was disconnected due to short-circuit risk.

Between 1990 and 1992, Jean-Loup Boisseau, Bertrand Cattiaux, Philippe Émeriau, Michel Giroud, and the Société Synaptel revised and augmented the instrument throughout. A new frame for the Jean Hermann console was created. Between 2012 and 2014, Bertrand Cattiaux and Pascal Quoirin restored, cleaned, and modified the organ. The stop and key action was upgraded, a new frame for selected components of the Hermann-Boisseau-Cattiaux console was created, a new enclosed division ("Résonnance expressive", using pipework from the former "Petite Pédale" by Boisseau, which can now be used as a floating division), the organ case and the façade pipes were restored, and a general tuning was carried out. The current organ has 115 stops (156 ranks) on five manuals and pedal, and more than 8,000 pipes.

In addition to the great organ in the west end, the quire of the cathedral carries a medium-sized choir organ of 2 manuals, 30 stops and 37 ranks in a 19th-century case from the 1960s. During the fire of 2019, it was heavily damaged by waterlogging, but is at least partially reusable. It also had a 5-stop single-manual continuo organ, which was completely destroyed by water from firefighters.

It was reported that the great organ itself suffered very little damage (mostly to one Principal 32' pipe and substantial dust) in the fire of April 2019, but will need cleaning.

I. Grand-Orgue

C–g3 II. Positif

C–g3 III. Récit

C–g3 IV. Solo

C–g3 V. Grand-Chœur

C–g3 Résonnance expressive

C–g3 Pédale

C–f1(keys go to g1, but f#1 and g1 silent)

    Violon-Basse 16

    Bourdon 16

    Montre 8

    Viole de Gambe 8

    Flûte harmonique 8

    Bourdon 8

    Prestant 4

    Octave 4

    Doublette 2

    Fourniture harmonique II-V 4

    Cymbale harmonique II-V 2 2/3

    Bombarde 16

    Trompette 8

    Clairon 4

     

    Chamades:

    Chamade 8

    Chamade 4

     

    Chamade Recit 8

    Cornet Recit V (from c)

    Montre 16

    Bourdon 16

    Salicional 8

    Flûte harmonique 8

    Bourdon 8

    Unda maris 8 (from c)

    Prestant 4

    Flûte douce 4

    Nazard 2+2⁄3

    Doublette 2

    Tierce 1+3⁄5

    Fourniture V

    Cymbale V

    Clarinette basse 16

    Clarinette 8

    Clarinette aiguë 4

    Récit expressif:

    Quintaton 16

    Diapason 8

    Flûte traversière 8

    Viole de Gambe 8

    Bourdon céleste 8 (from c)

    Voix céleste 8 (from c)

    Octave 4

    Flûte Octaviante 4

    Quinte 2+2⁄3

    Octavin 2

    Bombarde 16

    Trompette 8

    Basson-Hautbois 8

    Clarinette 8

    Voix humaine 8

    Clairon 4

     

    Récit classique: (from f)

    Cornet V 8

    Hautbois 8

     

    Chamades:

    Basse Chamade 8

    Dessus Chamade 8

    Chamade 4

    Chamade Régale 8

     

    Basse Chamade GO 8

    Dessus Chamade GO 8

    Chamade GO 4

     

    Trémolo

    Bourdon 32 (lowest octave acoustic)

    Principal 16

    Montre 8

    Flûte harmonique 8

    Quinte 5+1⁄3

    Prestant 4

    Tierce 3+1⁄5

    Nazard 2+2⁄3

    Septième 2+2⁄7

    Doublette 2

    Cornet II-V 2 2/3

    Grande Fourniture II 2 2/3

    Fourniture V

    Cymbale V

    Cromorne 8

     

    Chamade GO 8

    Chamade GO 4

     

    Cornet Récit V

    Hautbois Récit 8 (above stops: f-g3, outside swell box)

    Principal 8

    Bourdon 8 *

    Prestant 4 *

    Quinte 2+2⁄3 *

    Doublette 2 *

    Tierce 1+3⁄5 *

    Larigot 1+1⁄3

    Septième 1+1⁄7

    Piccolo 1

    Plein jeu III-V 2/3

    Tuba magna 16

    Trompette 8

    Clairon 4

Cornet V 8

(pulls out stops with asterisks)

    Bourdon 16

    Principal 8

    Bourdon 8

    Prestant 4

    Flûte 4

    Neuvième 3+5⁄9

    Tierce 3+1⁄5

    Onzième 2+10⁄11

    Nazard 2+2⁄3

    Flûte 2

    Tierce 1+3⁄5

    Larigot 1+1⁄3

    Flageolet 1

    Fourniture III

    Cymbale III

    Basson 16

    Basson 8

    Voix humaine 8

     

    Chimes

    Tremblant

    Principal 32

    Contrebasse 16

    Soubasse 16

    Quinte 10+2⁄3

    Flûte 8

    Violoncelle 8

    Tierce 6+2⁄5

    Quinte 5+1⁄3

    Septième 4+4⁄7

    Octave 4

    Contre-Bombarde 32

    Bombarde 16

    Basson 16

    Trompette 8

    Basson 8

    Clairon 4

     

    Chamade GO 8

    Chamade GO 4

    Chamade Récit 8

    Chamade Récit 4

    Régale 2/16

Couplers: II/I, III/I, IV/I, V/I; III/II, IV/II, V/II; IV/III, V/III; V/IV, Octave grave général, inversion Positif/Grand-orgue, Tirasses (Grand-orgue, Positif, Récit, Solo, Grand-Chœur en 8; Grand-Orgue en 4, Positif en 4, Récit en 4, Solo en 4, Grand-Chœur en 4), Sub and Super octave couplers and Unison Off for all manuals (Octaves graves, octaves aiguës, annulation 8′). Octaves aiguës Pédalier.

Additional features: Coupure Pédalier. Coupure Chamade. Appel Résonnance. Sostenuto for all manuals and the pedal. Cancel buttons for each division. 50,000 combinations (5,000 groups each). Replay system.

Organists

The position of titular organist ("head" or "chief" organist; French: titulaires des grandes orgues) of the great organ of Notre-Dame is considered one of the most prestigious organist posts in France, along with the post of titular organist of Saint Sulpice in Paris, Cavaillé-Coll's largest instrument.

After the death of Pierre Cochereau, the cathedral authorities controversially decided to return to the Clicquot practice of having several titulaires, and also to guarantee that no one organist would have so much influence over the organ.

    Guillaume Maingot [fr] (1600–1609)

    Jacques Petitjean [fr] (1609–1610)

    Charles Thibault [fr] (1610–1616)

    Charles Racquet (1618–1643)

    Jean Racquet [fr] (c. 1643–1689)

    Médéric Corneille [fr] (1689–1730)

    Guillaume-Antoine Calvière (1730–1755)

    René Drouart de Bousset (1755–1760)

    Charles-Alexandre Jollage [fr] (1755–1761)

    Louis-Claude Daquin (1755–1772)

    Armand-Louis Couperin (1755–1789)

    Claude Balbastre (1760–1793)

    Pierre-Claude Foucquet (1761–1772)

    Nicolas Séjan (1772–1793)

    Claude-Étienne Luce [fr] (1772–1783)

    Jean-Jacques Beauvarlet Charpentier (1783–1793)

    Antoine Desprez [fr] (1802–1806)

    François Lacodre dit Blin [fr] (1806–1834)

    Joseph Pollet [fr] (1834–1840)

    Félix Danjou (1840–1847)

    Eugène Sergent [fr] (1847–1900)

    Louis Vierne (1900–1937)

    Léonce de Saint-Martin (1937–1954)

    Pierre Cochereau (1955–1984)

    Yves Devernay (1985–1990)

    Jean-Pierre Leguay (1985–2015)

    Philippe Lefebvre (since 1985)

    Olivier Latry (since 1985)

    Vincent Dubois (since 2016)

Bells

Main article: Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris

3:10

Emmanuel's volley solo

Notre-Dame currently has ten bells. The two largest bells, Emmanuel and Marie, are mounted in the south tower. The eight others; Gabriel, Anne Geneviève, Denis, Marcel, Étienne, Benoît-Joseph, Maurice, and Jean-Marie; are mounted in the north tower. In addition to accompanying regular activities at the cathedral, the bells have also rung to commemorate events of national and international significance, such as the armistice of 11 November 1918, the liberation of Paris, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the September 11 attacks.

The bells are made with bronze for its resonance and resistance to corrosion. During the medieval period, they were often founded on the grounds of the cathedral so they would not need to be transported long distances.[140] According to tradition, the bishop of Paris held a ceremony in which he blessed and baptized the bells, and a godparent formally bestowed a name on the bell. Most of the cathedral's early bells were named after the person who donated them, but they were also named after biblical figures, saints, bishops, and others.

After the baptism, the bells were hoisted into the towers through circular openings in the vaulted ceilings and mounted to headstocks to allow the bells to swing. Notre-Dame's bells swing on a straight swinging axis, meaning the axis of rotation is just above the crown of the bell. This style of ringing produces a clearer tone, as the clapper strikes the bell on the upswing, called a flying clapper. However, it also causes great horizontal forces, which can be up to one and a half times the weight of the bell.[141] For this reason the bells are mounted within wooden belfries which are recessed from the towers' stone walls. These absorb the horizontal forces and prevent the bells from damaging the relatively brittle stonework.[142] The current belfries date to the 19th-century restoration.

Before the French Revolution, it was common for the bells to break, and they were often removed for repairs or to be entirely recast, and sometimes renamed. The bell Guillaume, for example, was renamed three times and recast no less than five times between 1230 and 1770.

The practice of bell-ringing at Notre-Dame is recorded as early as 1198.[142] By the end of the 14th century the bells were marking the civil hours, and in 1472 they began to call to prayer for the Angelus three times a day, both practices which continue today. During the French Revolution, most of the cathedral's bells were removed and melted down. While many of them bore the names of the medieval bells, most were relatively recent recastings made from most of the same metal. During the 19th-century restoration, four new bells were made for the north tower. These were replaced in 2012 with nine as part of the cathedral's 850th anniversary celebration.

In addition to the main bells, the cathedral has also had smaller secondary bells. These included a carillon in the medieval flèche, three clock bells on the north transept in the 18th century, and six bells added in the 19th century – three in the reconstructed flèche and three within the roof to be heard in the sanctuary.[143] These were destroyed during the 2019 fire.

    Circular utility door (right of center) in the ceiling below the north tower made for raising and lowering bells[142]

    Circular utility door (right of center) in the ceiling below the north tower made for raising and lowering bells[142]

    The bourdon Emmanuel, Notre-Dame's largest and oldest bell, cast in 1686[144]

    The bourdon Emmanuel, Notre-Dame's largest and oldest bell, cast in 1686[144]

    1767 illustration of a bell headstock and mounting components (left) and Notre-Dame's original south belfry (right)[145][c]

    1767 illustration of a bell headstock and mounting components (left) and Notre-Dame's original south belfry (right)[145][c]

    1854 illustration by Pégard showing the 1850 belfry which is present today[146]

    1854 illustration by Pégard showing the 1850 belfry which is present today[146]

    The four 19th-century bells which were retired in 2012

    The four 19th-century bells which were retired in 2012

    Nine new bells exhibited in the nave in February 2013

    Nine new bells exhibited in the nave in February 2013

    The second bourdon Marie mounted in the south belfry

    The second bourdon Marie mounted in the south belfry

Clock

See also: Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris § Striking clock

One of four clock faces of Notre-Dame's 19th-century clock (right). Chimes for the 18th-century clock were once held in a north transept turret, similar to the one pictured left on the south transept.

The first clocks used at Notre-Dame were clepsydras. These were used to tell the hours, which were marked by striking bells. In the 14th century Notre-Dame had two clepsydras running simultaneously, one in the cloister and one in the church itself. A lay chamberlain was responsible to keep the clocks filled with water and to notify a churchwarden when it was time to strike the bells for the hour.[147]

In 1766, Guillot de Montjoye and Jean-Bernard de Vienne, canons and stewards of the church fabric, donated a mechanical clock to the cathedral. The movement was installed in a glass cabinet in the gallery beneath the north rose window and rang three bells placed outside above the north portal. Between 1812 and 1813, the clock and bells were moved to the north tower. A 1.34 metres (4 ft 5 in) clock face was installed inside the church below the organ platform.[148]

During Viollet-le-Duc's restoration in the 19th century, a new clock was made. The 1867 Collin-Wagner movement, measuring two metres (6.5 feet) across, was located in the forest underneath the central flèche within a glass-enclosed room. This controlled four dormer clock faces visible on the transept roofs, two on each side. This clock was destroyed by the 2019 fire. Shortly after the fire, French clockmaker Jean-Baptiste Vior discovered an almost identical 1867 Collin-Wagner movement in storage at Sainte-Trinité Church in northern Paris. Olivier Chandez, who had been responsible for the upkeep of Notre-Dame's clock, described the find as "almost a miracle." While the clock cannot simply be installed in Notre-Dame itself, it is hoped that the clock can be used to create a new clock for Notre-Dame to the same specifications as the one which was destroyed.[149][150]

Ownership

Until the French Revolution, Notre-Dame was the property of the archbishop of Paris and therefore the Roman Catholic Church. It was nationalized on 2 November 1789 and since then has been the property of the French state.[151] Under the Concordat of 1801, use of the cathedral was returned to the Church, but not ownership. Legislation from 1833 and 1838 clarified that cathedrals were maintained at the expense of the French government. This was reaffirmed in the 1905 law on the separation of Church and State, designating the Catholic Church as having the exclusive right to use it for religious purposes in perpetuity. Notre-Dame is one of seventy historic churches in France with this status. The archdiocese is responsible for paying the employees, for security, heating and cleaning, and for ensuring that the cathedral is open free of charge to visitors. The archdiocese does not receive subsidies from the French state.[152][153]

Gallery

    Notre-Dame at the end of the 19th century

    Notre-Dame at the end of the 19th century

    An 1853 photo by Charles Nègre of Henri Le Secq next to Le Stryge

    An 1853 photo by Charles Nègre of Henri Le Secq next to Le Stryge

    19th-century vestments

    19th-century vestments

    A wide angle view of Notre-Dame's western façade

    A wide angle view of Notre-Dame's western façade

    Notre-Dame's façade showing the Portal of the Virgin, Portal of the Last Judgment, and Portal of St-Anne

    Notre-Dame's façade showing the Portal of the Virgin, Portal of the Last Judgment, and Portal of St-Anne

    A 2010 view of Notre-Dame from Tour Montparnasse

    A 2010 view of Notre-Dame from Tour Montparnasse

    A wide angle view of Notre-Dame's western façade

    A wide angle view of Notre-Dame's western façade

    Virgin of Paris, 14th century. The Statue of Virgin and Child inside Notre-Dame de Paris

    Virgin of Paris, 14th century. The Statue of Virgin and Child inside Notre-Dame de Paris

    Notre-Dame's high altar with the kneeling statues of Louis XIII and Louis XIV

    Notre-Dame's high altar with the kneeling statues of Louis XIII and Louis XIV

    South rose window of Notre-Dame

    South rose window of Notre-Dame

    Flying buttresses of Notre-Dame

    Flying buttresses of Notre-Dame

    Memorial tablet to the British Empire dead of the First World War

    Memorial tablet to the British Empire dead of the First World War

    Tympanum of the Last Judgment

    Tympanum of the Last Judgment

    Statue of Joan of Arc in Notre-Dame's interior

    Statue of Joan of Arc in Notre-Dame's interior

    Close look of the details on the Tympanum of the Last Judgment (2016)

    Close look of the details on the Tympanum of the Last Judgment (2016)

    Façade of Notre-Dame

    Façade of Notre-Dame

    French road system's Point Zéro spot on the ground in front of Notre-Dame (since 1924)

    French road system's Point Zéro spot on the ground in front of Notre-Dame (since 1924)

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Brandenburg Gate, Berlin, Germany

Berlin Wall Memorial, Berlin, Germany

Neuschwanstein Castle, Bavaria, Germany

Tian Tan Buddha, Lantau Island, Hong Kong

Angkor Wat, Siem Reap, Cambodia

Machu Picchu, Andes Mountains, Peru

Sugarloaf Mountain, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Christ the Redeemer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Copacabana Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Selaron Steps, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

The Meeting of the Waters, Manaus, Brazil

Amazon Rainforest, Amazonas, Brazil

Recoleta Cemetery, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Iguazu Falls, Misiones Province, Argentina

Chornobyl, Ukraine

Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan

Victoria Falls, Livingstone, Zambia

The Valley of Kings, Luxor, Egypt

Pyramids of Giza, Cairo, Egypt

Serengeti National Park, Tanzania

Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

Burj Khalifa, Dubai, UAE

Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, Abu Dhabi, UAE

Panama Canal, Panama City, Panama

Cliffs of Moher, County Clare, Ireland

Table Mountain, Cape Town, South Africa

Petra, Wadi Musa, Jordan

Dubrovnik City Walls, Dubrovnik, Croatia

Taj Mahal, Agra, India

Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Hungarian Parliament Building, Budapest, Hungary

Blue Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey

Chapel Bridge, Lucerne, Switzerland

Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh, Scotland

Mount Bromo, East Java, Indonesia

Atomium, Brussels, Belgium

Worldwide Landmarks Video

Check out our highlights video of Worldwide landmarks.

World Map With Famous Landmarks

A map of Worldwide landmarks. Use the map to explore all of the points of interest.

World Map With Famous Landmarks

Show Interactive Map

LANDMARK 1

The Golden Gate Bridge is one of the most famous landmarks in the world

The Golden Gate Bridge was completed in 1937

Golden Gate Bridge, San Fransisco, California, USA

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The Golden Gate Bridge is an iconic landmark in San Francisco. The large red suspension bridge is synonymous with California and receives an average of ten million visitors each year.

Completed in 1937, visitors to the Golden Gate Bridge can bike or walk across it and take in the great views of San Francisco Bay. If in California, ensure a trip to the bridge is on your San Fransisco itinerary!

LANDMARK 2

Mountains in the backdrop of a fortified island with buildings and a lighthouse

Known as the world's inescapable prison, Alcatraz Island is now a tourist attraction

Alcatraz Island, San Francisco, California, USA

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Located on the US West Coast near San Francisco, Alcatraz Island is known as the world's inescapable prison. Alcatraz was an active penitentiary between 1934 and 1963, and its secure location meant prison breaks were impossible. Today, the site is a popular tourist attraction, and Alcatraz has been featured in many films.

LANDMARK 3

Girl With Blue SailsMountain peaks and ranges surrounded by greenery and blue sky

Glacier Point in Yosemite National Park

Yosemite National Park, California, USA

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Yosemite National Park is one of the most famous landmarks in California. Located in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, Yosemite is an iconic Golden State symbol.

One of the most popular things to do in Yosemite is visiting Yosemite Falls. At 2,425 feet, it's the tallest waterfall in North America. Visitors can hike to the base or try a more strenuous hike to the top. Glacier Point is another fantastic thing to see when visiting this famous West Coast national park.

LANDMARK 4

Yuichiro/Depositphotos.comWhite-letter signs spelling out Hollywood on a green hill, on a clear day

The popular Hollywood Sign stands 45 feet tall and spans 350 feet

The Hollywood Sign, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Sitting in the hills overlooking Los Angeles, the Hollywood sign is one of the most well-known landmarks worldwide. The iconic sign is 350 feet in length and 45 feet tall.

You can view this famous Los Angeles landmark from various places in the city. Getting a picture of the famous sign is, of course, one of the top things to do in LA!

LANDMARK 5

kmiragaya/Depositphotos.comWater fountain and people in front of a Gothic-style, cream-coloured building

Housing over two million artworks, The Met is the largest museum in the US

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC, New York, USA

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The Metropolitan Museum of Art, also known as The Met, is a world-renowned art museum in Manhattan. The Met also holds the title of the largest art museum in the US.

When visiting the museum, you'll discover numerous art pieces, with the museum housing over two million artworks in total. It's also a great spot for a date night in NYC.

LANDMARK 6

Albachiaraa/Depositphotos.comA tall structure with a spire on top with other skyscrapers and a blue sky around

The Empire State Building observation decks offer great views of NYC

Empire State Building, NYC, New York, USA

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The Empire State Building is another of the famous landmarks in the world found in New York City. The 102-storey Art Deco building has been in New York City since the 1930s.

Today, visitors can head to the observation decks to enjoy breathtaking panoramic views of Manhattan and greater NYC. Going to the top about an hour before sunset allows you to enjoy daytime, sunset, and night city views. Appreciating the building itself from street level is a must too!

LANDMARK 7

A big green statue of a robed woman holding a torch on top of a pedestal

The Statue of Liberty was a gift from France to the US

Statue of Liberty, NYC, New York, USA

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The Statue of Liberty in New York is one of the most recognizable world landmarks. This 151-feet high symbol of independence has been in NYC since 1886 and today receives 3.5 million visitors a year.

The statue was a gift from France to the US. It was designed by French architects Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and Gustave Eiffel. If visiting, take a boat to Liberty Island and go into the statue's crown for stunning views of New York City.

LANDMARK 8

Pond and grassy field surrounded by colourful trees with skyscrapers in the back

The famous Central Park is one of the most-visited parks in the world

Central Park, NYC, New York, USA

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Central Park is one of the most well-known urban parks in the world. Located in Manhattan, the park covers 843 acres and welcomes over 40 million visitors annually. The park includes open green spaces, water features, and a zoo. Visiting the scenic park has to be on your NYC itinerary!

LANDMARK 9

A glass-covered skyscraper in the midst of other buildings against some clouds

Rising 541 meters tall, One World Trade Center is a well-known Manhattan skyscraper

One World Trade Center, NYC, New York, USA

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One World Trade Center is one of Manhattan's most famous buildings. The skyscraper was built after the original World Trade Center complex was destroyed in the 9/11 terror attacks.

An interesting NYC fact is that One World Trade Center is the tallest building in North America, standing at 541 metres tall. Having dinner at the top of the One World Observatory is also one of the best things to do in NYC at night.

LANDMARK 10

Jllado/Depositphotos.comWhite skyscraper capped with a terraced crown and a steel spire among other buildings

The Chrysler Building was built in 1928

Chrysler Building, NYC, New York, USA

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Constructed in 1928, the Chrysler Building has stood in NYC for almost 100 years. The Art Deco skyscraper is a prominent feature on the Manhattan skyline and has 77 floors. When in New York, going to the Chrysler Building observation deck is recommended to get breathtaking views of the city.

LANDMARK 11

A red brick building on an island with a US flag and water in front of it

Ellis Island was an immigration center and now houses a museum

Ellis Island, NYC, New York, USA

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Another one of the important landmarks in New York is Ellis Island. Situated on the border between New York and New Jersey, this landmark was previously an immigration centre for newly-landed individuals in the United States.

The main building on the island was built in 1900. It was used as a hospital until 1911 and as an immigration centre until 1954. Today, you can visit a museum to learn more about the landmark's history.

LANDMARK 12

masterlu/Depositphotos.comLooking up at two yellow cars in the middle of a road lined with buildings and TVs

Times Square became famous in the 1990s when it was "cleaned up"

Times Square, NYC, New York, USA

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Times Square is another world-renowned attraction in Manhattan. The site became famous in the 1990s when it was renovated from a run-down area to the entertainment and tourist attraction known today.

Visitors can take in the bustling atmosphere and see many vibrant signs and billboards. There are also unique street performers, theatres, and fun shops to visit, like an M&M store.

LANDMARK 13

Sculptures of four faces carved into a mountain against a clear blue sky

The world-famous Mount Rushmore features four US presidents

Mount Rushmore, South Dakota, USA

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Another of the most famous monuments around the world that are found in the US is Mount Rushmore. Located in South Dakota, Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a sculpture carved into the mountain.

The sculpture features the busts of four US presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt. Having admired Mount Rushmore, you can visit an on-site museum covering the mountain's history.

LANDMARK 14

Cloud Gate, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Cloud Gate is an iconic symbol of Chicago. This famous landmark in Chicago is commonly referred to as 'The Bean' because the structure resembles the shape.

Interestingly, 80% of its surface reflects the surrounding city landscape and sky. Due to this landmark's uniqueness, visitors travel from around the globe to see the magnificent work of art by Sir Anish Mikhail Kapoor.

During your stay in Chicago, other places to explore include the Chicago Cultural Center, Crown Fountain, and Lurie Garden.

LANDMARK 15

A welcome neon sign with palm trees and buildings in the background

Just off of the strip is the iconic "Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas, Nevada" sign

The Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas Sign, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

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The Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign is another world-renowned attraction. This iconic Vegas landmark sits just off of the strip, and making the journey to the sign is highly recommended.

Getting a picture with the words "Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas" behind you is the ultimate Vegas memento, so be sure to visit this famous Nevada landmark!

LANDMARK 16

The Las Vegas Strip, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

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The Strip is the most recognizable part of the world-famous place of Las Vegas. The 4.2-mile-long street features many landmarks and illuminated signs and buildings.

Things to see here include replicas of the Eiffel Tower and the New York skyline and numerous world-class Vegas hotels. Walking along the Strip is a must-do fun and cheap Las Vegas activity!

LANDMARK 17

Top view of a concrete arched dam and a concrete-steel arched bridge across a canyon

The Hoover Dam is a popular landmark located between Nevada and Arizona

Hoover Dam, Nevada, USA

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Located between Clark County, Nevada, and Mohave County, Arizona, the Hoover Dam is a notable human-made structure. The vast site includes the concrete arch-gravity dam, a water basin, and the Mike O'Callaghan - Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge.

If visiting Las Vegas, a day trip to the Hoover Dam is one of the fun things to do off of the Vegas strip, whether alone or with a significant other.

LANDMARK 18

dibrova/Depositphotos.comA UFO-shaped structure at the top of a tower amidst other buildings during sunset

The Space Needle, rising 605 feet, is built to withstand strong earthquakes and winds

Space Needle, Seattle, Washington, USA

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The Space Needle is one of the most famous landmarks in Seattle, Washington State. This attraction is a 605-foot observation tower that was constructed in 1961.

Interestingly, the tower was designed to withstand incredibly high winds and earthquakes. Viewing this famous Washington landmark and going to the observation deck can't be missed when in Seattle!

LANDMARK 19

The Wandering QueenA snow-capped mountain peak at the back with mountain ranges in front

The picturesque Mount Rainer from afar

Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, USA

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The beautiful Mount Rainier National Park is another of the world-famous places in the United States. Located in Washington State, the park features views of the Mount Rainier volcano, plus waterfalls, rivers, fire lookouts, and old grove trees.

Along with the incredible views, the park is a great place to hike, with the most popular trail taking you to Comet Falls. This Mount Rainier National Park hike is perfect for keeping yourself entertained on gloomy Pacific Northwest days.

LANDMARK 20

Scenic and SavvyA uniquely-shaped sandstone arch surrounded by canyons at sunset

The beautiful Delicate Arch in Arches National Park, Utah

Delicate Arch, Arches National Park, Utah, USA

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Delicate Arch in Arches National Park, Utah, is one of the most famous geologic formations in the world. More than 1.5 million people visit this park each year to hike to Delicate Arch, a famous Utah landmark.

The hiking trail is a moderate three-mile roundtrip. However, note that there is no shade along the route, and it can get very hot during the day. Therefore, the best way to see the arch is to embark on a Delicate Arch sunset hike when temperatures are cooler.

LANDMARK 21

Everglades National Park, Florida, USA

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The Florida Everglades is one of the best national parks on the East Coast. This incredible world landmark features a slow-moving watershed system. It flows from central Florida into Lake Okeechobee and down into Southwest Florida.

Hiking, paddling, and camping in Everglades National Park and the Big Cypress Preserve are fun activities to enjoy. But, for more of a thrill, go gliding along the river of grass on an airboat ride!

LANDMARK 22

Our Woven JourneyA vast dry canyon landscape against blue sky from above

The South Rim of the Grand Canyon in Arizona

Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA

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The Grand Canyon is a natural landmark in Arizona so sizable you can see it from space! The canyon is 277 miles long and up to 18 miles wide. Without seeing it in person, it's hard to grasp how vast it is!

If you get to visit, make the most of your trip by planning your route ahead of time, especially if you are visiting from Page, AZ. Watching the sunrise at the Grand Canyon is another popular activity.

LANDMARK 23

White memorial with a US flag on it along water, with trees and clouds in the back

Pearl Harbor Memorial is the final resting place of the WWII Japanese attack victims

Pearl Harbor, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii, USA

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The Pearl Harbor Memorial in Hawaii is a must-see sight. This important landmark in Honolulu marks the site of the WWII Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

At the memorial, you can view the final resting place of those lost in the tragedy. You'll also learn more about how Pearl Harbor led to the US increasing its efforts in WWII.

LANDMARK 24

Palm trees on a grassy field with a view of a volcano in the back at sunrise

The 300,000-year-old Diamond Head State Monument offers views of the coast

Diamond Head State Monument, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii, USA

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Another landmark of the world found in Honolulu is the Diamond Head State Monument. A fun Honolulu fact that makes this attraction so famous is that Diamond Head State Monument is over 300,000 years old!

When visiting this well-known Hawaiian landmark, you can follow hiking trails and appreciate the beautiful views.

LANDMARK 25

Looking down at layers of cooled lava on a brown grassy hilltop

Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park is made up of two active volcanoes

Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA

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Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park is one of the best things to do on the Big Island of Hawaii. The park is home to two active volcanoes, the Kilauea volcano, and the Mauna Loa volcano.

You can explore the park in many ways, including hiking or mountain biking. Many also opt for helicopter tours that fly over the volcanoes.

LANDMARK 26

Small US flags planted in front of tombstones arranged in a grid on a grassy field

Many notable individuals are buried in the famous Arlington National Cemetery

Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia, USA

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Arlington National Cemetery is arguably the most famous cemetery in the United States and one of the most famous landmarks in Virginia. This military cemetery is located in Arlington, Virginia, close to central Washington D.C.

Notable individuals buried here include President John F. Kennedy and his wife, Jackie Kennedy Onassis. There are also many graves of former US soldiers, plus memorials to those who have given their lives in conflict.

LANDMARK 27

Ducks on a pool reflecting a white obelisk surrounded by trees on a partly cloudy day

The Washington Monument was constructed in 1884

Washington Monument, Washington D.C., USA

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Located in central Washington, D.C., the Washington Monument is another of the world's most important landmarks. The monument was constructed in 1884 and is a 555-feet-tall marble obelisk.

The attraction is dedicated to George Washington and features an observation deck that provides sweeping views of D.C. It is a must on your Washington D.C. itinerary!

LANDMARK 28

A large white mansion with a big green lawn in front and trees around

The White House is home to the US President

The White House, Washington D.C., USA

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Home to the U.S. President, the White House is one of the most iconic buildings in North America. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington D.C., the White House has housed every U.S. President from 1800 to the present. Parts of this Washington D.C. landmark are open to the public. If in the city, taking a tour is recommended.

LANDMARK 29

Looking down at a blue thermal spring in the ground, with a green hill behind

Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park

Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA

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Yellowstone National Park is located predominantly in Wyoming, with a small part of the over two million-acre park stretching into Montana and Idaho.

The park was the US' first National Park, gaining the status on March 1, 1872. Visitors to the park can hike, see an array of wildlife, and spot other famous landmarks, like Old Faithful, a large geothermal geyser.

LANDMARK 30

Sigiriya Rock Fortress, Dambulla, Sri Lanka

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Sigiriya Rock Fortress in Sri Lanka stands as one of the most famous landmarks in the world. Created by an ancient volcano, the 200-metre-high rock formation is striking against the jungle of Sigiriya. In the 5th century, the Royal Palace of Sri Lanka was also built on the site.

Today, when visiting Sigiriya, you can admire the fortress and see Lion Gate, the main entrance to the royal city. Sigiriya Rock Fortress is a true marvel and a must on your Sri Lanka itinerary!

LANDMARK 31

Imaginechina-Tuchong/Depositphotos.comA walled walkway with watchtowers winding on top of a lush mountain range

The Great Wall of China, spanning 21,196 km, took 2,300 years to complete

Great Wall of China, China

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The Great Wall of China is one of China's most famous landmarks. The 21,196 km wall also has one of the longest construction times of all the world landmarks, taking 2,300 years to complete.

Today, the wall traverses 15 Chinese regions and is a tourist hotspot. It attracts over ten million visitors annually, with the most popular way to access the Great Wall being from Badaling, outside Beijing. From the wall, you can appreciate the views and this piece of historical architecture.

LANDMARK 32

vichie81/Depositphotos.comNumerous terracotta warriors, horses, and chariots in a large pit under a steel roof

The sculptures were created to be buried with Emperor Qin as his afterlife army

The Terracotta Army Museum, Xi'An, Shaanxi, China

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One of the most exciting landmarks to visit is the Terracotta Army Museum in China. The museum features famous terracotta statues of the armies of Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China. These sculptures were created to be buried with the emperor. In doing so, people believe he would have an army in the afterlife.

LANDMARK 33

Mount Everest, China

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Mount Everest is one of the world's most famous mountains. It stretches across parts of China and Nepal. Standing at 29,032 feet above sea level, approximately 800 people attempt to climb the mountain each year. If you don't want to climb, you can still appreciate Everest from various places near the base.

LANDMARK 34

Twelve Apostles, Great Ocean Road, Victoria, Australia

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The Twelve Apostles are found along the Great Ocean Road in Australia. This landmark comprises stacks of limestone that stand near one another along the coastline of Victoria.

This site attracts millions of visitors who want to witness its beauty. Things to do in the area include taking an iconic picture from the viewing platform and hiking The Great Ocean Road Walk. You could even take a helicopter ride over the Twelve Apostles to get the best view!

LANDMARK 35

Various colourful tropical fish swimming around corals of different colours and sizes

The Great Barrier Reef, the largest reef ecosystem, offers a variety of activities

Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia

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The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest reef ecosystem, comprising over 3,000 separate reefs. The breathtaking marine landmark is home to an incredible array of sea creatures, corals, and plants. You can boat, snorkel, and dive around the reef, but always adhere to eco-tourism practices.

LANDMARK 36

Uluru, Northern Territory, Australia

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Uluru, or Ayres Rock, is found in Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, close to the town of Alice Springs. This famous Australian landmark is one of the oldest monoliths in the world, having been formed about half-a-billion years ago. When in the park, you can appreciate Uluru and see rare plants and wildlife.

LANDMARK 37

Waves breaking on a sandy shore with a cityscape in the background on a clear day

Aside from sand, water and waves, Bondi Beach is also known for its beachside bars

Bondi Beach, Sydney, Australia

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Sydney's Bondi Beach is one of the world's most well-known beaches. The spectacular beach features sandy beaches and warm waters.

Bondi Beach's reliable waves also draw thousands of surfers. In addition, the surrounding selection of beachside bars and cafes adds to this iconic beach's atmosphere.

LANDMARK 38

Sharing the WanderThe outside of an opera house with white pointy tops along water and buildings

The famous Sydney Opera House can be found in Australia

Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia

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The iconic sail-like structures of the Sydney Opera House are a symbol of Sydney. Sitting next to Sydney Harbour, it's one of the most famous places around the world and one of the most photographed!

It took 14 years to build, opening in 1973, and became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007. Visitors can tour the structure or attend a concert. For a unique view of the Opera House, climb the Harbour Bridge, an activity that must be on your Australia family travel bucket list!

LANDMARK 39

Nyker/Depositphotos.comA steel arched bridge over water from below with a city skyline in the background

The Sydney Harbour Bridge offers great views of other famous Sydney landmarks

Sydney Harbour Bridge, Sydney, Australia

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Sydney Harbour Bridge is a highly recognizable feature on the Sydney skyline. The heritage-listed bridge stretches for 3,770 feet and connects Sydney's CBD to its North Shore.

The bridge was completed in 1932 and was inspired by Hell Gate Bridge in New York. Notably, it was the world's widest long-span bridge until 2012.

Interested in getting out of the city for a weekend? You have plenty of options for Sydney weekend getaways, including the Blue Mountains or Byron Bay.

LANDMARK 40

World in ParisA massive palace with water and a statue in front against a blue sky

The Palace of Versailles on a clear blue day

Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France

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The Palace of Versailles is one of the most beautiful castles near Paris. It's also one of the most famous landmarks in the world.

The Palace of Versailles is the best example of Baroque architecture in France. The château was home to three French Kings and their families: Louis XIV, Louis XV, and Louis XVI.

The visit to Versailles usually takes one full day. You can also visit the Queen's Hamlet and gardens decorated with sculptures and water features.

LANDMARK 41

Guide Your TravelGothic-style palace on a small hilly island far away from behind white flowers

Mont Saint-Michel from far away

Saint Michael's Mount, Normandy, France

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Mont Saint-Michel stands in Normandy, northern France. The building dates back to the 8th century and became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979. Today it's a popular tourist destination, with millions of people visiting every year.

If you plan to visit, note that the island itself is relatively small, but there are still many things to see and do. The historic abbey is a popular attraction, and the great lookout points around Mont Saint-Michel are also impressive.

LANDMARK 42

Travel France Bucket ListA grey castle with walls on a hill overlooking a historic city

Cité de Carcassonne is a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Cité de Carcassonne, Carcassonne, France

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One of the most beautiful French landmarks is Cité de Carcassonne. Located in the Occitanie region, this landmark is a medieval citadel featuring a castle and church dating from the 12th century.

Carcassonne's main highlight is the ramparts, which you can climb and explore on a self-guided tour. From the top, you can enjoy views of the countryside, the Ville Basse, and Lower Carcassonne. Shops with souvenirs and a museum related to the citadel's history are also in the area.

LANDMARK 43

Stairs leading to a white basilica atop a hill surrounded by greenery

Sacré-Cœur is a Roman Catholic church that sits on the highest point in Paris

The Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Montmartre, Paris, France

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Paris is filled with breathtaking landmarks, including the Sacré-Cœur Basilica. This spectacular Roman Catholic Church opened in 1914 and is one of France's most visited places.

The basilica sits on Montmartre, the highest point in the City of Lights. Visiting the church and exploring the charming area around can't be missed!

LANDMARK 44

Eiffel Tower, Paris, France

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The Eiffel Tower, one of the most romantic places in Paris, was built for the 1889 World's Fair. It was notably the tallest human-made structure in the world until 1930.

Although the Iron Lady is now a Paris bucket list item, Parisians hated it at the beginning, with many signing a petition to remove it.

Today, Parisians and tourists love the Eiffel Tower and often include it on their Paris itinerary. When visiting, climbing the 674 steps to the tower's viewing deck is recommended.

LANDMARK 45

A massive arch with ornate decorations at daytime from below

Arc de Triomphe is a popular monument commissioned by Napoleon

Arc de Triomphe, Paris, France

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Paris has multiple world-famous landmarks, and the Arc de Triomphe is one of the most visited. This ornately decorated arch was commissioned by Napoleon I in 1806. However, Arc de Triomphe was not completed until 1836.

Visitors to Paris must visit the arch to take in its beauty and get lots of pictures! You can also climb to the top of the Arc de Triomphe for panoramic views of the City of Lights.

LANDMARK 46

revoc9/Depositphotos.comIlluminated glass pyramid and palace reflected in fountain water at night

Louvre Museum, the world's most-visited museum, is home to the Mona Lisa

Louvre Museum, Paris, France

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The Louvre is another famous French landmark known around the world. A fun fact about the Louvre is that it holds the title of being the most visited museum in the world.

This museum amasses over nine million visitors annually due to its vast array of artworks, including the world-renowned Mona Lisa.

Along with its fantastic collection, the Louvre itself is a work of art. The glass pyramid design of the museum is a must-see photo-op!

LANDMARK 47

A medieval cathedral in gothic style surrounded by greenery

The Notre Dame Cathedral was the main setting for The Hunchback of Notre Dame

Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France

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The Notre Dame Cathedral is a beautiful Gothic-style cathedral located in central Paris. The cathedral is known globally for its incredible architecture. It's also recognizable as the home of Quasimodo in the fictional book and movie The Hunchback of Notre Dame.

Constructed between the 12th and 14th centuries, the cathedral has been an important religious building in Paris ever since. Many still visit for Mass and to admire the building's interior and exterior.

LANDMARK 48

Moulin Rouge, Paris, France

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Moulin Rouge is one of Europe's most interesting landmarks. This Parisian bar is the world's most famous cabaret and has been in the French capital since the early 1900s.

Moulin Rouge features an iconic red facade with windmills, reminiscent of the windmills seen in Montmartre in the 16h century. You can view the landmark outside or spend the evening inside watching a memorable show!

LANDMARK 49

A white cathedral building with a square and tourists in front of it on a clear day

Construction of Duomo di Milano began in 1386 and was completed in 1965

Milan Cathedral, Milan, Italy

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Duomo di Milano is a renowned Gothic-style cathedral located in Milan, Italy. Despite the construction of this religious building beginning in 1386, it was not completed until 1965. Today, it is one of the largest churches in the world and notably features over 3,500 statues and gargoyles altogether.

LANDMARK 50

Leaning Tower of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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The Leaning Tower of Pisa is another of the most well-known global landmarks because of its namesake flaw. The Pisa Tower leans due to an uneven settling of the foundation and ground, comprising a mixture of clay, fine sand, and shells.

Along with admiring the unique tower, visitors can go up a twin spiral staircase inside to get great views of Pisa, Italy. Pisa Tower is in Piazza Dei Miracoli, which also features the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta.

LANDMARK 51

Orange and green tower surrounded by Gothic buildings and a winged lion atop a column

The world-renowned St. Mark's Square houses the equally famous St. Mark's Basilica

St. Mark's Square, Venice, Italy

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Venice is full of world-class landmarks, and St. Mark's Square is one of the best-known. Called Piazza San Marco in Italian, the vast square notably houses St. Mark's Basilica. When visiting, you'll also discover many cafes around the square that serve fresh Italian coffee and delicious desserts.

LANDMARK 52

A marble bridge over a canal surrounded by colourful buildings and boats

The Rialto Bridge, constructed in 1588, is the oldest bridge across the Venice Canal

Rialto Bridge, Venice, Italy

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Another of the best landmarks in the world is the Rialto Bridge in Venice, Italy. Constructed in 1588, this iconic attraction is the oldest of the four bridges across the Venice Canal. A stop at this Italian landmark has to be on your Venice itinerary!

LANDMARK 53

The Globetrotting DetectiveLooking down into a massive round crater hole inside a mountaintop

The main crater of Mount Vesuvius in Italy

Mount Vesuvius, Ottaviano, Italy

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Mount Vesuvius in Naples is one of three active volcanoes in Italy. It was notably the cause of a deadly volcanic eruption in 79 AD, which destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum, and killed most residents.

Today, it's dormant, but there's a possibility it could erupt. Despite these dangers, Vesuvius is one of Italy's most visited tourist attractions.

The most popular thing to do when visiting is to hike the mountain. From Mount Vesuvius National Park, you can walk to the main crater, which reaches 1,281 metres.

LANDMARK 54

Ruins of an ancient Roman city with a view of a volcano at the back

The eruption of Mount Vesuvius destroyed and preserved the ancient city of Pompeii

Pompeii, Naples, Italy

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Pompeii in Italy is one of the most fascinating historical landmarks around the world. It was a thriving city that, as mentioned, was unfortunately destroyed in 79 A.D. when Mount Vesuvius erupted. Interestingly, pyroclastic flows perfectly preserved the town and its doomed residents in a plaster cast-like material.

Today, tourists can visit the city's ruins and learn more about its past. You can even view the preserved bodies of some of those that lived there.

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Stairway surrounded by brightly-coloured buildings leading to an obelisk and a church

The famous Spanish Steps were designed by Francesco de Sanctis

Spanish Steps, Rome, Italy

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The Spanish Steps are found in central Rome and were designed by Francesco de Sanctis and Alessandro Specchi. The renowned European attraction comprises over 130 Roman Baroque stairs and has been in the city since 1725.

Climbing the steps and taking lots of pictures is a must, but don't sit on the stairs of this famous Rome landmark as you could be fined!

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Strictly RomeA black and grey cat sitting on ancient Roman ruins with buildings and grass around

Cats hanging out on Roman ruins at the Cat Sanctuary in Rome

Largo di Torre Argentina, Rome, Italy

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There are 4,000 cat colonies in Rome, and a local decree protects the cats in Rome, stating they must have safe spaces, food, and veterinary care.

To see some of these felines, visit Rome's famous cat sanctuary, Largo di Torre Argentina. You can see the cats sleeping and playing in the ruins during a visit. You can also purchase souvenirs inside the sanctuary building, with all profits supporting local cats.

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The exterior of an ancient amphitheatre against a blue sky

The Colosseum hosted chariot races, gladiator fights, and other events

Colosseum, Rome, Italy

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There are an array of famous landmarks in Italy, with the most well-known being the Colosseum in Rome. Completed in 80 A.D., the Colosseum was initially used for events, including chariot racing and gladiator fights. Today, you can explore the well-preserved structure and may spot a cute resident cat!

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A Baroque fountain with the façade of a palace as its backdrop

The world-famous Trevi Fountain is the largest fountain in Rome

Trevi Fountain, Rome, Italy

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The Trevi Fountain is another incredible landmark found in Rome. This Baroque-style fountain was designed by Nicola Salvi in the 1700s and features Roman statues in front of a stately palace-style building.

Standing 49.15 metres wide and 26.3 metres high, the fountain is the largest in Rome and one of the world's most renowned fountains. If in Rome, viewing the beautiful design surrounded by flowing water is an absolute must!

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An Egyptian obelisk and a Renaissance-style church against a clear blue sky

Built in the 1600s, St Peter's Basilica is an important historic landmark in Italy

St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City, Italy

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Vatican City is a unique place in itself. But the must-see landmark in this small Roman Catholic city is St. Peter's Basilica. This site is significant to Catholics, and the current building has been in Italy since the 1600s. The official residence of the Pope is also located.

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Sistine Chapel, Vatican City, Italy

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Located inside Vatican City, the Sistine Chapel is one of the world's most outstanding pieces of architecture. The chapel was built in the late 1400s by Giovanni di Dolci at the request of Pope Sixtus IV.

The Sistine Chapel's incredible painted ceiling is additionally one of Michelangelo's most notable works. It is a must on your Rome itinerary!

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A World in ReachA circle of large tall stones surrounded by grass and blue sky

Stonehenge is one of the most famous landmarks around the world

Stonehenge, Salisbury, England

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Stonehenge is undoubtedly one of the most famous landmarks in England. Many questions surround Stonehenge's existence. Some think it was a burial ground, while others say it acted as an astronomical calendar.

If you visit the UNESCO World Heritage Site, don't miss the visitor centre along with seeing the monument. The centre houses exhibits detailing the history and function of Stonehenge and what life was like during its construction in around 3,000 BC.

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Big Ben, London, England

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When you think of London in England, a famous British landmark that springs to mind is Big Ben. The clock tower is over 316 feet tall, making it one of the world's biggest striking and chiming clocks.

An interesting fact is that Big Ben was renamed Elizabeth Tower in 2012 to mark the Queen of England's Diamond Jubilee. However, the name does not have the same ring to it, and everyone will always think of England's striking clock tower as Big Ben! If travelling in Europe, Big Ben is a must-visit!

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fazon1/Depositphotos.comGarden and a monument in front of a neoclassical palace on a clear day

Buckingham Palace has been home to the royal family since 1837

Buckingham Palace, London, England

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Buckingham Palace is one of the most well-known iconic buildings around the world and a must-visit when in London for a few days. Constructed in the 1700s, the building has been the primary residence of the Kings and Queens of England since 1837.

The neoclassical palace features 775 rooms and many regal accents, such as a Grand Staircase made entirely of bronze. The palace also houses renowned artworks and has hosted numerous heads of state.

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View of a Gothic palace and clock tower from across a river

The Palace of Westminster was rebuilt in the 1800s because of a fire

Palace of Westminster, London, England

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The Palace of Westminster, also known as The Houses of Parliament, is where England's members of parliament and the Prime Minister meet. The building was constructed in 1016, although it was rebuilt in the mid-1800s.

This London landmark has been an important political building and a loved attraction in London for centuries. Visitors can explore parts of the Palace of Westminster to learn more about English political history and the history of the building itself.

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mitakag/Depositphotos.comA huge Ferris wheel and a river with a cityscape against a clear sky in the back

Standing 135 feet tall, the London Eye offers 360-degree views of the city

The London Eye, London, England

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Another must-see landmark in the United Kingdom's capital, London, is the London Eye. This large observation wheel has been in the city since 1999 and offers the most breathtaking view of London. The wheel stands at 135-metres tall and remains an iconic structure in the city skyline.

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s4visuals/Depositphotos.comA modern skyscraper and buildings by a river with a bridge with 2 towers on the right

Standing 1,016 feet tall, The Shard is a 72-storey skyscraper designed by Renzo Piano

The Shard, London, England

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You can find numerous world-renowned landmarks in London, England. One of the more modern ones is The Shard. Designed by architect Renzo Piano, the 72-storey pointed skyscraper stands 1,016 feet tall. You can go to the top of the Shard to take in the view and dine at multiple restaurants.

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A historic bridge with two tall towers crossing a river on a nice day

Tower Bridge opened in London in 1894

Tower Bridge, London, England

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Tower Bridge has sat across the River Thames for over 120 years, opening in 1894. The Grade I listed suspension bridge is one of London's most stunning pieces of architecture and arguably the city's most beautiful bridge.

Visitors can walk across the bridge for free and admire views down the Thames. There's also a glass floor, allowing you to look down on the river and road below.

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richie0703/Depositphotos.comA stone path leading to the entrance of a Gothic abbey with ornate decorations

Westminster Abbey, an iconic landmark, is the site of Royal coronations

Westminster Abbey, London, England

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Westminster Abbey is a Gothic-style abbey located in London, United Kingdom. This landmark is extremely notable as it's the location of Royal coronations.

Numerous Kings and Queens are also buried within the abbey grounds. You can appreciate the architecture and see many Royal artifacts if you visit. Make sure to include the Abbey on your London bucket list!

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Get Lost Travel BlogA horseshoe-shaped cove surrounded by green grass and trees and blue sky from below

Malham Cove in Yorkshire Dales National Park in the UK

Malham Cove, Malham, England

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While Yorkshire is home to many iconic landmarks, you don't get anything more dramatic than the spectacular Malham Cove. This 260-foot-high cove is shaped like a horseshoe and is a recognizable landmark of the Yorkshire Dales National Park.

Malham is an especially popular destination for walkers due to its natural beauty and the many incredible sights that surround it. Although the Cove is crowded with tourists year-round, June or September are the least busy months to visit.

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Walk a While with MeA pathway lined with overarching red gates with Japanese writing on them

Fushimi Inari Taisha is a famous Shinto shrine in Kyoto, Japan

Fushimi Inari Taisha, Kyoto, Japan

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There are many incredible landmarks in Asia, from Angkor Wat to Bangkok's Grand Palace. But some of the most iconic landmarks are in Kyoto, Japan.

Top Kyoto attractions include the Arashiyama Bamboo Grove and the Kiyomizu-Dera Temple. Another must-visit Kyoto sight on your Southeast Asia travel itinerary is the Fushimi Inari Shrine.

Well-known for its vivid red torii gates, the Fushimi Inari Taisha is dedicated to the god of rice. It's one of Japan's most popular places to visit and take photos.

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JaplaneaseTall skinny bamboo tree trunks from below, lining a winding path in a forest

The winding Arashiyama Bamboo Forest in Kyoto

Arashiyama Bamboo Forest, Kyoto, Japan

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Arashiyama Bamboo Forest is one of the most famous sights in Kyoto. Visitors can enjoy the idyllic image of towering trees lining a peaceful path.

But don't just look - also listen! The bamboo clacking together is one of the most iconic sounds in Japan and is just one example of the many small things you shouldn't miss on your Japan trip.

Other notable sites nearby include the Sagano Romance Train, Tenryu-Ji, and Mikami Shrine, Japan's only shrine to hair.

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A stone chamber under a saddle-shaped monument with a Japanese flag on its left

The stone chamber contains the names of the atomic bomb blast victims

Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park, Hiroshima, Japan

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The moving and historical Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park memorializes those killed and affected by the nuclear attack on Hiroshima. The memorial park is found in the city of Hiroshima in Japan. Visiting the memorial is a great way to reflect and learn more about this tragic event.

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Stone bridge over a moat, in front of an elevated palace surrounded by greenery

Tokyo Imperial Palace, a royal residence, also features gardens and a museum

Imperial Palace, Tokyo, Japan

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Japan's Imperial Palace, located in Tokyo, is the residence of the Imperial Family. This regal building also features 1.15 square kilometres of amazing manicured gardens. The palace also has a museum that's open to the public. A trip to this royal residence is a must when in Tokyo!

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leungchopan/Depositphotos.comA tall orange and white tower on the right of a city skyline, on a clear blue day

The Tokyo Tower is a prominent landmark in the capital's skyline

Tokyo Tower, Tokyo, Japan

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Tokyo Tower is an iconic communications tower that sits in the Minato district. The tower is the second-tallest structure in Japan, reaching 332.9 metres.

Constructed in 1958, the tower was built as a symbol of post-war recovery, and today, visitors can travel up the tower to an observation deck that offers fantastic views.

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Torsakarin/Depositphotos.comRed pagoda and cherry blossoms in the foreground of a snow-capped mountain

The picturesque Mount Fuji is a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Mount Fuji, Shizuoka, Japan

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Mount Fuji is one of the many naturally occurring world-famous landmarks. This mountain is a volcano with a peak of 3,776 metres.

Along with being a sight to see, Mount Fuji is also one of Japan's three sacred mountains. Due to this, many visit this Japanese landmark to connect spiritually with nature.

If you're adventurous, you can even climb Mount Fuji and enjoy the incredible surrounding views up high.

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My Little World of TravellingA pointy mountain top overlooking water, houses, and the sky

The scenic Gibraltar Nature Reserve from above

Gibraltar Nature Reserve, Gibraltar

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Gibraltar Nature Reserve is one of the most famous places in the world, and it must be on your travel bucket list! This protected nature reserve covers over 40% of Gibraltar's land area and features outstanding flora and fauna.

The reserve is well-known for its macaques, the only wild monkeys in Europe. In addition, it features breathtaking panoramic views.

You'll see three countries from the park, Spain, Gibraltar, and Morocco. To access Gibraltar Nature Reserve, take the cable car from Alameda Gardens.

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Aerial view of a double-deck steel bridge and boats on the winding river under it

Spanning across River Douro, the Dom Luis Bridge connects Porto to Vila Nova de Gaia

Dom Luis Bridge, Porto, Portugal

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Spanning across the River Douro, the Dom Luis Bridge is a significant landmark in Portugal. At the time of construction in 1880, the bridge was one of the longest metal bridges in the world. Today, the Dom Luis Bridge is a famous sight in Porto, connecting the city to Vila Nova de Gaia.

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AlexGukBO/Depositphotos.comAerial shot of a botanical garden adjacent to a reservoir

Gardens by the Bay features waterfront gardens with art installations

Gardens by the Bay, Singapore, Singapore

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Found in central Singapore, Gardens by the Bay is a stunning collection of gardens covering 101 hectares. These gardens combine beautiful horticultural designs with incredible art pieces.

Visitors liken exploring the gardens to being in a magical kingdom with a range of vibrant flora, unique water features, and illuminated art installations.

A visit to Gardens by the Bay when in Singapore for a few days is the perfect way to unwind and take some one-of-a-kind pictures.

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richie0703/Depositphotos.comA fish statue with a lion head spraying water into a harbour with skyscrapers behind

The Merlion was constructed in the 1970s and moved to Singapore's CBD in 2002

Merlion, Singapore, Singapore

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The Merlion is an iconic statue and fountain on the waterfront in Singapore's central business district. The sculpture features a lion's head and a fish or mermaid-style body.

This famous landmark of the world was initially built in the 1970s and sat on the Singapore River. It was moved to the CBD in 2002 and restored in 2009 after being struck by lightning.

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Top view of a crowded street lined with trees on both sides in the middle of a city

The Placa de Catalunya and Christopher Columbus monuments can be found along La Ramba

La Rambla, Barcelona, Spain

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La Rambla is a major street in Barcelona, Spain. This pedestrian street is incredibly well-known and is a must-visit location when visiting this Spanish city.

The bustling street features shops, markets, vibrant cafes, and street performers. The Placa de Catalunya and Christopher Columbus monuments also sit on the 1.2-kilometre street.

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deb-37/Depositphotos.comA Gothic-style basilica surrounded by trees on a partly cloudy day

Catalan architect Antoni Gaudi designed La Sagrada Familia

La Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, Spain

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La Sagrada Familia is a basilica in Barcelona designed by Antoni Gaudi. Interestingly, the basilica's construction has never been completed, but it should be by 2026.

The basilica is Gothic in style and features tall spires and ornate carvings. Inside, you'll find stained glass, religious statues, and high ceilings.

As one of the most famous landmarks in Spain, it's a no-brainer that you must include it on your Barcelona itinerary!

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DestguidesA grand fortified castle on a hill filled with green treens, on a nice day

The renowned Alhambra was constructed for the Nasrid Dynasty

The Alhambra, Granada, Spain

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The Alhambra is another landmark in Spain that is known worldwide. It is a must on any Granada itinerary! Located in Granada, the Alhambra is a palace and fortress that was constructed for the Nasrid Dynasty in 1238. Today, you can explore the royal building and learn more about its rich past.

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borja_laria/Depositphotos.comA modern building made of titanium, glass, and limestone by a river

One of four in the world, the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao was designed by Frank Gehry

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain

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There are only four Guggenheim Museums in the world, and the location in Bilbao, Spain, is one of the most spectacular. This art museum houses an array of works by famous artists, including Rothko and Kandinsky. The building's exterior is also stunning and was designed by the architect Frank Gehry.

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Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada

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Niagara Falls is one of the seven natural wonders and one of the most famous landmarks in the world. This North American landmark sits between Ontario and New York.

Therefore, the falls are an American and a Canadian landmark, and you can admire these stunning falls from Canada or the United States.

While it's an incredible destination in all seasons, Niagara Falls becomes a magical place during the winter when gigantic icicles frame the falls, and snow covers the rocks at the base.

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Yosef_Er/Depositphotos.comA skyscraper with other tall buildings around, in an urban skyline, behind water

The CN Tower rises 553 metres tall and offers amazing views of Toronto

CN Tower, Toronto, Canada

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Toronto's CN Tower is one of the Canadian city's most well-known landmarks. The 553-metre-tall tower houses an observation deck offering panoramic city views.

When visiting Toronto, you can admire the Toronto skyline from the observation deck or dine at the CN Tower restaurant. Thrill-seekers can also complete the exciting Edgewalk that takes you around the exterior of the observation deck.

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Alpine trees and snow-capped mountains at the back of a turquoise lake

Lake Louise is a picturesque attraction known for its turquoise water

Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada

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Banff National Park in Alberta is one of Canada's most stunning outdoor destinations. This park, with snow-capped mountains and breathtaking crystal blue lakes, is world-renowned, too. A notable attraction is Lake Louise; you can swim, hike, appreciate spectacular views, and more when visiting!

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Red and white lighthouse on a rocky cove overlooking the blue ocean

Peggy's Lighthouse has been an iconic landmark since its first use in 1915

Peggy's Point Lighthouse, Nova Scotia, Canada

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Located in the charming Canadian province of Nova Scotia, Peggy's Point Lighthouse is located in the coastal Peggy's Cove. The lighthouse was first used in 1915 and has been a popular landmark in Canada ever since. The lighthouse is designed in a classic East Coast style with red and white colouring.

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A white cathedral with a green dome surrounded by landscaped gardens

A National Historic Site, Saint Joseph's Oratory is the largest church in Canada

Saint Joseph's Oratory, Montreal, Canada

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Another of the world's interesting landmarks found in Canada is Saint Joseph's Oratory. Located in Montreal, Quebec, the oratory is a Roman Catholic minor basilica.

Opened in 1904, Saint Joseph's Oratory is notable as Canada's largest church. The beautifully designed building is also a National Historic Site of Canada.

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Giant's Causeway, Causeway Coast, Northern Ireland

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The rugged Causeway Coast of Northern Ireland is a notable landscape. One of the best landmarks along the coast is Giant's Causeway.

Legend has it that two rival giants, Irish giant Fionn mac Cumhaill and Scottish giant Benandonner, formed the Giant's Causeway during a fight! Interestingly, there is an identical causeway in Scotland.

Today, you can walk along the cliff edge before walking down to view Giant's Causeway. For the best views, make sure you hike along the red route.

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Massive ancient building ruins on top of a hill with many green trees around

Among the ruins in Athens, the Parthenon is the most popular

Acropolis, Athens, Greece

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The Acropolis is an ancient Greek citadel in the hills above Athens, Greece. There are multiple significant ruins within the citadel complex, with the Parthenon being the most famous Athens landmark.

It's believed that this city was built around the fifth century BC at the request of Greek statesman Pericles. Today, tourists can explore the ruins, learn more about the area's history, and take memorable photographs.

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Tulum Archaeological Zone, Tulum, Mexico

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The Tulum Archaeological Zone in Quintana Roo, Mexico, is about two hours from Cancun and is one of the most famous landmarks in the world for a good reason! With over 800 years of history, Tulum is a must-visit place while in this area of Mexico.

This ancient city is steeped in history and was the only Mayan city built along the coastline. It was originally a seaport, trading in jade and turquoise. The best way to explore this landmark near Cancun is by taking a guided tour.

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An ancient stone pyramid with trees and a cloudy sky in the background

The prominent El Castillo is a temple to the god Kukulcan

Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico

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Mexico is home to many world-famous landmarks, and Chichen Itza, a complex of Mayan ruins, is one of the most interesting. The Mayan city was constructed around 600 AD, with residents inhabiting the area until the 1200s.

A step pyramid called El Castillo is the most recognizable ruin. This Mexican landmark was a temple to the god Kukulcan. After viewing the famous El Castillo, you can discover other ruins, plus Mayan carvings and monuments.

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A massive Gothic cathedral surrounded by greenery against a blue sky

Built in 1813, Catedral Metropolitana is a must-see in Mexico City

Metropolitan Cathedral, Mexico City, Mexico

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Catedral Metropolitana in Mexico City, Mexico, is another of the numerous iconic landmarks around the world. The Roman Catholic cathedral was completed in 1813 and is designed in a striking Gothic Style.

Both the interior and exterior of the Catedral Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México feature ornate details, and seeing this landmark is an absolute must.

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Panoramic view of numerous tree-laden limestone islands and several boats on a sea

Ha Long Bay, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is comprised of around 1,600 islands

Ha Long Bay, Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam

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Ha Long Bay is one of the most famous landmarks in Vietnam. The UNESCO World Heritage Site comprises approximately 1,600 limestone islands surrounded by emerald water. Ha Long Bay also offers visitors various activities to try, from hiking to snorkelling and scuba diving.

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Neo-classical monument with columns and a chariot sculpture on top

Brandenburg Gate is the most famous landmark in Berlin

Brandenburg Gate, Berlin, Germany

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The Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, Germany, is the country's most recognizable landmark. It's also one of the most famous world landmarks and a must on any Berlin itinerary. This neoclassical bridge is 26 metres tall and was constructed in 1788.

Brandenburg Gate sits on what was the division between East and West Germany but today symbolizes peace and unity. It's visited by millions of tourists annually and is at the centre of the world's largest New Year's Eve party!

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Berlin Wall Memorial, Berlin, Germany

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One of the most important landmarks in the world is the Berlin Wall Memorial, located in Berlin, Germany. The iconic memorial marks where the Berlin Wall, which separated East and West Germany, was torn down. The memorial commemorates those that died trying to cross the wall when Berlin was divided after WWII.

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pandionhiatus3/Depositphotos.comA hilltop castle surrounded by greenery, with a lake and mountains in the background

Neuschwanstein Castle, a Romanesque palace, was built for King Ludwig II of Bavaria

Neuschwanstein Castle, Bavaria, Germany

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Neuschwanstein Castle is a 19th-century palace located in southwest Bavaria, Germany. The castle was originally built for King Ludwig II of Bavaria.

However, construction was completed after his death, so the castle was opened to the public instead. The landmark is designed in a Romanesque Revival style and features stunning grounds.

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View from below of an enormous bronze statue of Buddha sitting on a lotus

Also known as the Big Buddha, the Tian Tan Buddha statue stands 34 feet tall

Tian Tan Buddha, Lantau Island, Hong Kong

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A famous attraction in Hong Kong is the Tian Tan Buddha, also known as Big Buddha. The statue of Buddha is 34 metres tall and can be reached by climbing just over 265 steps. At the top, you can also visit a museum with Buddhist artifacts. A trip to Tian Tan has to be on your Hong Kong itinerary!

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Angkor Wat, Siem Reap, Cambodia

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Located in Siem Reap, Cambodia, Angkor Wat is a significant religious monument and highly recognizable landmark in Asia.

Constructed in the 12 century, it was previously the centre of the Khmer Kingdom. Today, the site has immense cultural and spiritual significance and is a must on any Siem Reap itinerary!

Plan to spend two days exploring this 400-square-kilometre UNESCO World Heritage Site. A guided tour of Angkor is a perfect option if you want a more in-depth experience.

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May Cause WanderlustAncient Inca ruins on a green mountaintop, surrounded by clouds from above

Inca ruins on Machu Picchu from above

Machu Picchu, Andes Mountains, Peru

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As one of the New Seven Wonders of the World and one of the most famous landmarks in Peru, Machu Picchu is a true marvel. This 600-year-old citadel perches within the Peruvian Andes. Although local people knew of its location for centuries, it was not known to the world until 1911.

To get to Machu Picchu, follow the Inca Trail, a four-day hike through the mountains that takes you past incredible Inca ruins on the way to Machu Picchu. Seeing these ancient ruins is something you'll remember forever!

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Cuppa to Copa TravelsA tall mountain peak surrounded by greenery, water, the sky and a viewing platform

The top of Sugarloaf Mountain in Rio, Brazil

Sugarloaf Mountain, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Sugarloaf Mountain, or Pão de Açúcar, in Rio de Janeiro, juts out from the coast, looming tall over Praia Vermelha. The mountain is an iconic part of Rio de Janeiro's cityscape, and the views from the top are epic, too.

Going up to the top of Sugarloaf Mountain at sunset is one of the best things to do in Rio. It truly gives you an understanding of how beautiful this city is!

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Christ the Redeemer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Christ the Redeemer statue needs no introduction. This iconic global landmark in Brazil is one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World and a popular tourist attraction.

It is a 125-feet symbol of peace that sits atop Rio de Janeiro's Corcovado Mountain. Once you reach the summit, stand in front of the statue and take in the breathtaking views.

Also, plan your trip early in the day to avoid the heat and crowds, and pack a good camera; you'll want to remember your visit forever!

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View from the top of an oceanside city with a white beach and mountains in the back

The world-renowned Copacabana Beach is the perfect place to relax and have fun

Copacabana Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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A highly famous place in Brazil is Copacabana Beach in Rio de Janeiro. The renowned beach features soft white sand, warm waters, and a fun atmosphere.

At the beach, you can swim, play beach games like volleyball, or relax under the sun with a caipirinha! Copacabana Beach has to be on your Rio de Janeiro itinerary!

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diegograndi/Depositphotos.comSteps of a staircase decorated with a mosaic of colourful tiles

Various tiles from all over the world were used to decorate Escaderia Selaron

Selaron Steps, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

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Located in the Santa Teresa neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Escadaria Selarón is a South American landmark that's known worldwide.

The colourful staircase features titles sourced from around the globe. Escalera de Selarón has also been seen in numerous movies and music videos.

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Aerial view of a ferry on an area where a tea-coloured river meets a pale brown river

The Meeting of the Waters is a world-famous, two-tone river in Brazil

The Meeting of the Waters, Manaus, Brazil

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Another of the multiple famous locations in Brazil is the Meeting of the Waters in Manaus. This natural phenomenon sees the dark waters of the Rio Negro flow next to the sandy waters of the Rio Solimões. The rivers don't mix but instead flow side by side, making for a unique two-tone river.

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Aerial view of a river winding through a lush tropical rainforest

The Amazon Rainforest is well-known for its biodiversity

Amazon Rainforest, Amazonas, Brazil

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The Amazon Rainforest is one of the most important landmarks in the world. The area is home to many different plant and animal species and covers approximately 2.72 million square miles.

This wildlife accounts for over 10% of the world's known species. In addition, around 50% of all creatures and plants on Earth live in the Amazon!

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Sculptures and ornately decorated mausoleums under a partly cloudy sky

Cementerio de la Recoleta is the final resting place of many notable Argentinians

Recoleta Cemetery, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Known as one of the most-visited cemeteries in the world, Cementerio de la Recoleta is an iconic location in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

This "City of the Dead" features graves of notable people, including Eva Peron and a granddaughter of Napoleon Bonaparte. While slightly eerie, visiting the cemetery must be on your Buenos Aires itinerary!

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Iguazu Falls, Misiones Province, Argentina

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Located on the border between Brazil and Argentina, Iguazu Falls is a stunning natural landmark. Iguazu Falls comprise over 270 individual waterfalls that combine to create an extensive feature. The falls are another of the famous landmarks that you must see at least once!

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A broken old rusty car near an abandoned dilapidated house

Chornobyl, the site of a nuclear disaster, has been abandoned since 1986

Chornobyl, Ukraine

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Chornobyl is the site of a devastating nuclear accident that's known around the world. The city of Chornobyl has been abandoned since the disaster in 1986 and resembles an eerie ghost town.

Despite being closed to the public for decades, you can now visit the renowned area. If visiting, you'll get to explore this town that has been untouched for over 30 years.

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Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan

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Taipei 101 was the world's tallest building from 2004-2009 but was overtaken by the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. It doesn't matter, though; it's still an impressive building standing 1,667 feet high in Taipei, Taiwan.

This global landmark has 101 floors and is home to one of the world's largest wind dampers. It's 18 feet long and helps the structure withstand typhoons and earthquakes.

If you love amazing views, Taipei 101 has to be on your Taiwan bucket list. From the tower's observation deck, you can see across the city.

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A rainbow near waterfalls rushing down green-covered rocky cliffs

Victoria Falls sits on the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe

Victoria Falls, Livingstone, Zambia

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Victoria Falls is another of many iconic landmarks around the world and famous landmarks in Africa. The waterfall is located on the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, and is one of the largest waterfalls in the world.

The spectacular falls stand 355 feet tall and are 5,604 feet wide. Those that visit can take in the breathtaking falls and surrounding lush jungle.

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Stone temple with three levels built into the foot of a cliff against a clear sky

Among the tombs in the Valley of the Kings is Queen Hatshepsut's grave

The Valley of Kings, Luxor, Egypt

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One of the oldest landmarks in the world to visit is the Valley of the Kings in Luxor, Egypt. The landmark was constructed between 1539 BC and 1075 BC.

This UNESCO World Heritage Site is the burial place of numerous Egyptian Pharaohs. You can see over 60 tombs here, including the resting place of Tutankhamun.

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Ancient pyramids in a desert with blue sky and clouds in the background

The Pyramids of Giza are the oldest among the Wonders of the World

Pyramids of Giza, Cairo, Egypt

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The Pyramids of Giza, in greater Cairo, Egypt, are one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and one of the top things to see in Cairo. The pyramids were constructed in 2600 BC as the final resting place of pharaoh Khufu and his queen.

Today, the pyramids stand almost entirely intact, making them one of few landmarks this old that's not in ruins. Another famous Egyptian landmark, The Great Sphinx of Giza, is located by the pyramids too.

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River in a wildlife park with an elephant on one side and herds of gnus on the other

Serengeti National Park is well-known for the annual Great Wildebeest Migration

Serengeti National Park, Tanzania

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Serengeti National Park in Tanzania is one of the world's most incredible national parks. Covering 30,000 square kilometres, the park is home to a range of protected animals.

If in the Serengeti on an eco-safari, you may spot lions, giraffes, gazelle, and many others. The Serengeti is also the location of the impressive Great Wildebeest Migration.

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Snow-capped mountain in the background of a grassy plain with trees

Rising to 19,340 feet, Mount Kilimanjaro is Africa's tallest mountain

Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

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Mount Kilimanjaro is found in Tanzania next to the Kenyan border and is the tallest mountain in Africa. The stunning natural landmark is 19,340 feet tall and is one of the Seven Summits, the world's seven highest mountains. You can see the mountain and attempt to climb it by visiting Mount Kilimanjaro National Park.

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photobac/Depositphotos.comLooking up at a skyscraper surrounded by buildings and palm trees

The world's tallest building is Dubai's Burj Khalifa at 828 metres tall

Burj Khalifa, Dubai, UAE

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Burj Khalifa, in Dubai, is the world's tallest building. The building is 828 metres above the ground, and the observation deck was constructed in 2010.

If visiting, you can head up to the 124th floor to the observation deck, which offers panoramic views. You can also venture to the world's highest lounge on the 154th floor. A visit to this Dubai landmark is an absolute must, and offers the most amazing views in the city.

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Suvarna AroraA grand white mosque with a pinkish glow against a blue sky

The magical Sheikh Zayed Mosque in Abu Dhabi

Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, Abu Dhabi, UAE

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Sheikh Zayed Mosque, or the Grand Mosque, is a magnificent mosque in Abu Dhabi. This global landmark must be on any Abu Dhabi itinerary!

This Abu Dhabi landmark was built to honour the first ruler of the United Arab Emirates, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan. Today, it's the largest mosque in UAE and the third-largest in the world.

When visiting the Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi, you must follow basic mosque etiquette, including complying with dressing standards.

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Tug boats and a large black and white cruise ship passing a canal under a bridge

Constructed in 1914, the Panama Canal is a major shipping route

Panama Canal, Panama City, Panama

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The Panama Canal is a major shipping route. Constructed in 1914, the 50-mile-long waterway is still viewed by millions of tourists annually.

Along with viewing the canal and watching shipping containers come and go, you'll find many cafes and bars around the canal banks.

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Travel Around IrelandRocky cliffs with grass and flowers on top along water

The Cliffs of Moher is one of Ireland's most-visited landmarks

Cliffs of Moher, County Clare, Ireland

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One of the most famous landmarks in the world is the Cliffs of Moher in Ireland. Located on the west coast in County Clare, visiting the cliffs is one of the best things to do in Ireland.

This natural landmark of Ireland has attracted visitors for decades. The cliffs rise from the Atlantic Ocean, reaching a height of 214 metres and running for eight kilometres. The attraction is best visited early in the morning or just before sunset.

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Waves crashing on a white beach with a view of a flat-topped mountain in the back

Rising 1,086 metres above sea level, Table Mountain is known for its unique flat top

Table Mountain, Cape Town, South Africa

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Cape Town's Table Mountain is one of the most iconic natural landmarks in South Africa and the world. The mountain features a unique flat top and is 1,086 metres above sea level. You can access Table Mountain via cable car or hiking when visiting Cape Town.

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Petra, Wadi Musa, Jordan

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Petra is an archaeological site in the deserts of Jordan. This landmark is also one of the New Seven Wonders of the World and is an attraction on many people's travel bucket lists.

Often called The Rose City, Petra features an array of pink sandstone buildings carved directly into the surrounding hillside. Famous ruins include the Treasury, the Royal Tombs, and the Monastery.

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PlacesofJumaLooking down onto a picturesque village full of houses, rocks and clear blue water

The stunning landscape surrounding Dubrovnik

Dubrovnik City Walls, Dubrovnik, Croatia

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The Dubrovnik City Walls is undoubtedly one of the most imposing sights in Europe. The site was built in the 12th century, but additions were made until the 17th century.

Today, you can walk around the city walls and enjoy the most beautiful scenery on the coast of the Adriatic Sea! The walk along the wall stretches for about two kilometres. Although the entrance to this famous Croatian landmark is not cheap (it's more than 30 euros), it is well worth it!

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Globetrotting SuThe grand white Taj Mahal with two tall towers on either side, on a blue day

The iconic Taj Mahal, one of the most famous landmarks in the world

Taj Mahal, Agra, India

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As one of the most famous landmarks of the world, the Taj Mahal in India welcomes seven to eight million visitors annually. This famous Indian landmark was built by Shah Jahan to commemorate the death of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal.

When visiting this awe-inspiring destination, don't forget to take pictures at the many beautiful Taj Mahal photo spots! Iconic images to snap include the Kau Ban Mosque and the sunset from Mehtab Bagh.

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Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

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The magnificent Petronas Twin Towers are some of the most famous skyscrapers in the world. Standing at 452-metres tall, they are also the tallest twin towers on earth.

The Petronas Twin Towers stand in bustling Kuala Lumpur, and they're famous for their iconic architecture, resembling patterns from handicrafts in Malaysia.

The towers are a must-see attraction on any Kuala Lumpur itinerary! When visiting, you can go to the sky bridge (which hangs between the two buildings at 170-metres above ground) and the viewing deck on the 86th floor.

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Bolet WorldwideA massive parliament building with a statue and white flowers in front

The colossal Hungarian Parliament Building from behind flowers

Hungarian Parliament Building, Budapest, Hungary

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The Budapest Parliament is the biggest building in Hungary, just under 120 years old. As one of the best places to visit in Budapest and the most famous landmark in the city, this total gem is a must-visit when in Budapest for a few days.

The details on the building's exterior, including its 365 towers, are a sight to see. However, the decorations and details on the inside are even more magnificent!

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Blue Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey

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Constructed in 1609, the Blue Mosque is one of the most well-known landmarks in Turkey. Also known as the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, the religious building remains an active mosque, with over four million worshippers and tourists visiting each year. This building is a classic example of Ottoman architecture and is a must-see on your Istanbul itinerary!

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Exploring Our WorldA covered bridge with people on it and a pointy tower at the back

The Chapel Bridge and Tower in Lucerne, Switzerland

Chapel Bridge, Lucerne, Switzerland

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The Chapel Bridge in the heart of Lucerne is a Swiss National Landmark. Also known as the Kapellbrücke, it crosses the River Reuss and is the oldest wooden covered bridge in Europe.

A stroll across the Chapel Bridge is a must when you visit Lucerne. Enjoying dinner at a riverside café with incredible Chapel Bridge views is also recommended. This bridge certainly does its part to make Lucerne one of the loveliest Swiss cities.

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A fortified castle sitting atop a rocky hill surrounded by greenery

Edinburgh Castle, a UK heritage site, was built in the 11th century

Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh, Scotland

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Edinburgh Castle is one of the world's oldest buildings, having been constructed in the 11th century. In addition, humans have occupied the castle since the Iron Age. These days, Edinburgh Castle sees over two million visitors annually and has been named a top UK heritage attraction.

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Mount Bromo, East Java, Indonesia

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One of the most famous natural world landmarks is Mount Bromo in Indonesia. This active volcano in Eastern Java's Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park offers incredible views to those who hike up it.

The best way to experience Mount Bromo is by hiking from Cemoro Lawang. If you are up for the adventure, visiting Mount Bromo without a tour guide allows you to explore at your own pace. Note that it can get cold closer to sunset, so dress accordingly.

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Atomium, Brussels, Belgium

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The Atomium is one of Belgium's most well-known landmarks. The structure resembles an atom, hence the name, and was built for the Brussels World's Fair in 1958.

The structure comprises nine spherical observation pods and reaches a height of 335 feet. Visitors can go in the observation pods to take in the beautiful views of the city. Inside, you will also find exhibitions and a restaurant.

In Summary

There are so many incredible places to travel to globally. This list of 130 famous landmarks in the world just scratches the surface of the amazing natural and human-made places to see on Earth.

If you are just starting on your world travel bucket list, these landmarks are some that absolutely should feature on it. Whether you plan to travel in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia, or Australasia, you are guaranteed to have a long list of must-see world landmarks!

  • Condition: In Excellent Condition
  • Antique: Yes
  • Type: Clock
  • Unit Type: Unit
  • Original/Repro: Original
  • Material: Bronze
  • Country/Region: France
  • Unit Quantity: 1
  • Age: Unknown
  • Maker: Paris

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