ARGENTO MASSICCIO Vecchio Tre Pence 1902 Anno Uomo Utd è stato fondato Moneta Vintage Antica

EUR 0,01 0 Offerte o Proposta d'acquisto 3d 2h 11m 1s, EUR 5,69 Spedizione, 30-Giorno Restituzione, Garanzia cliente eBay
Venditore: anddownthewaterfall ✉️ (33.558) 99.8%, Luogo in cui si trova l'oggetto: Manchester, Take a Look at My Other Items, GB, Spedizione verso: WORLDWIDE, Numero oggetto: 315242680199 ARGENTO MASSICCIO Vecchio Tre Pence 1902 Anno Uomo Utd è stato fondato Moneta Vintage Antica. 1902 Three Pence Coin The Year Man Utd were Founded British Threepence Coin from 1902 the first year of the Reign on King Edward VII  when he was crowned the year after his mother Queen Victoria died Solid 0.925 Silver In Good Condition given it is over one  hundred  and twenty years old Starting at less than its original monetary value one Penny...With No Reserve ..If your the only bidder you win it for 1p....Grab a Bargain!!!! Would make an Excellent Charm or Collectible Keepsake Souvenir of the worlds most famous football team
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Threepence (British coin)

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Threepenny bit" redirects here. For the building in south London, see No. 1 Croydon. For other uses, see Threepence (disambiguation).

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Threepence

United Kingdom

Value £0.0125

Mass

Silver: 1.415 g

Nickel-brass: 6.8 g

Diameter

Silver: 16.20 mm

Nickel-brass: 21.0–21.8 mm

Thickness Nickel-brass: 2.5 mm

Edge Plain

Composition

1816–1919: 92.5% Ag

1920–1945: 50% Ag

1937–1970: Nickel-brass (79% Cu, 20% Zn, 1% Ni)

Years of minting 1547–1970

Obverse

Design Profile of the monarch

Reverse

Design Various

The British threepence piece, usually simply known as a threepence, thruppence, or thruppenny bit, was a denomination of sterling coinage worth 1⁄80 of one pound or 1⁄4 of one shilling. It was used in the United Kingdom, and earlier in Great Britain and England. Similar denominations were later used throughout the British Empire and Commonwealth countries, notably in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.

The sum of three pence was pronounced variously /ˈθrʊpɛns/ THRUUP-ənss, /ˈθrɛpəns/ THREP-ənss or /ˈθrʌpəns/ THRUP-ənss, reflecting different pronunciations in the various regions of the United Kingdom. The coin was often referred to in conversation as a /ˈθrʊpni/ THRUUP-nee, /ˈθrɛpni/ THREP-nee or /ˈθrʌpni/ THRUP-nee bit. Before Decimal Day in 1971, sterling used the Carolingian monetary system, under which the largest unit was a pound divided into 20 shillings, each of 12 pence. The threepence coin was withdrawn in 1971 due to decimalisation and replaced by the decimal new penny, with 2.4d being worth 1p.

Early threepences

Threepence of James VI and I, minted in Ireland

The three pence coin – expressed in writing as "3d" – first appeared in England during the fine silver coinage of King Edward VI (1547–53), when it formed part of a set of new denominations. Although it was an easy denomination to work with in the context of the old sterling coinage system, being a quarter of a shilling, initially it was not popular with the public who preferred the groat (four pence). Hence the coin was not minted in the following two reigns – if one controversially counts Jane or incorrectly treats coins in the sole name of Mary as being a separate "reign" from those which also show and name her husband Philip.

Edward VI threepences were struck at the London and York mints. The obverse shows a front-facing bust of the king, with a rose to the left and the value numeral III to the right, surrounded by the legend EDWARD VI D G ANG FRA Z HIB REX. The reverse shows a long cross over the royal shield, surrounded by the legend (London mint) POSUI DEUM ADIUTOREM MEUM (I have made God my helper), or (York mint) CIVITAS EBORACI (City of York).

Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) produced threepences during her third coinage (1561–1577). Most 1561 issues are 21 mm in diameter, while later ones are 19 mm in diameter. These coins are identifiable from other denominations by the rose behind the queen's head on the obverse, and the date on the reverse. The obverse shows a left-facing crowned bust of the queen with a rose behind her, surrounded by the legend ELIZABETH D G ANG FR ET HIB REGINA, while the reverse shows shield over a long cross, dated 1561, surrounded by the legend POSUI DEU ADIUTOREM MEU. Dates used for the smaller coins were 1561–77. Threepences of the fourth coinage (1578–1582) are identical except for having a slightly lower silver content. There was also a fairly rare milled coinage threepence, produced between 1561 and 1564 with similar designs and inscriptions to the hammered coinage threepences.

The threepence denomination fell out of use again during the reign of King James I, while during King Charles I's reign (1625–49) it was not produced at the London Tower mint, but was produced (sometimes in some quantity) at various provincial mints. The denomination is identified by the numeral III appearing behind the king's head.

Threepences reintroduced

Charles I threepence (Aberystwyth, 1638–42)

By far the most common Charles I threepences were produced at the Aberystwyth mint between 1638 and 1642. They feature a left-facing crowned bust of the king with plumes in front of his face and the numeral III behind him, with the legend CAROLUS DG MA B FR ET H REX (or a combination of M(A) B F(R) ET H(I)(B) depending on the engraver), with the reverse showing the royal arms on a large oval shield with plumes above the shield, and the legend CHRISTO AUSPICE REGNO – I reign under the auspices of Christ. Plumes were the identifying symbol of the Aberystwyth mint, but the Bristol and Oxford mints often used dies from the Aberystwyth mint so plumes often appear on their output too. Milled coins were produced at the York mint between 1638 and 1649, which look similar to the Aberystwyth product but without the plumes – the obverse features a left-facing crowned bust of the king with the numeral III behind him, with the legend CAROLUS D G MAG BR FR ET HI REX, with the reverse showing the royal arms on a shield over a cross, with EBOR over the shield and the legend CHRISTO AUSPICE REGNO.

Coins were produced at the Oxford mint between 1644 and 1646, using the Aberystwyth dies for the obverse, while the reverse of the 1644 coin shows the Declaration of Oxford in three lines: RELI PRO LEG ANG LIB PAR. 1644 OX – The religion of the Protestants, the laws of England, the liberty of Parliament. 1644 Oxford, while around the outside of the coin is the legend EXURGAT DEUS DISSIPENTUR INIMICI – Let God arise and His enemies be scattered. This coin also appears dated 1646. A further type produced at Oxford had on the obverse the king's bust with the denomination behind him, and the letter "R" (for Rawlins, the maker of the die) below the king's shoulder and the legend CAROLUS D G M BR F ET H REX and the Aberystwyth reverse.

Rarer threepences

The mint at Bristol produced rare threepences in 1644 and 1645. In 1644 the Aberystwyth obverse was used to produce a coin with the reverse showing the Declaration of Oxford: REL PRO LEG AN LIB PA 1644 – The religion of the Protestants, the laws of England, the liberty of Parliament 1644, while around the outside of the coin is the legend EXURGAT DEUS DISSIPENTUR INIMICI – Let God arise and His enemies be scattered. This was repeated in 1645, but with a plumelet instead of a plume in front of the king's face.

In 1644 the Exeter mint produced a fairly scarce threepence. It features a left-facing crowned bust of the king with the numeral III behind him, with the legend CAROLUS D G MA BR F ET H RE, with the reverse showing the royal arms on a shield with the date 1644 above the shield, and the legend CHRISTO AUSPICE REGNO.

No threepences were produced by the Commonwealth of England.

A quantity of (370,000) silver threepences were struck dated 1945, although these were all melted with the metal used in other mint products. However, it is believed a handful escaped, with one example selling for £62,000 at auction in 2020.[1]

Mid-to-late 17th century

The final hammered coinage threepences were produced at the start of the reign of King Charles II. In style they are very reminiscent of his father's issues, the obverse featuring the bust of the king, with the numeral III and the legend CAROLUS II D G MAG BRI F ET H REX, with the reverse showing the royal arms on a shield over a cross, and the legend CHRISTO AUSPICE REGNO.

The milled silver threepences of Charles II form two types. There is the undated issue which looks very like the earlier hammered coinage, with a crowned left-facing bust of the king with the denomination indicated by III behind his head, and the inscription CAROLVS II D G M B F & H REX, with the reverse showing a shield encircling the arms of England, Scotland, Ireland and France with the legend CHRISTO AUSPICE REGNO. This was followed by the dated issue, issued each year from 1670 to 1684, where the obverse features a right-facing uncrowned bust of the king and the inscription CAROLVS II DEI GRATIA, with the reverse showing three crowned interlinked "C"s (indicating the value) and the inscription MAG BR FRA ET HIB REX date. All milled silver threepences were 17 millimetres in diameter and weighed 1.5 grams – dimensions which were unchanged until near the end of the reign of George III.

A similar threepence was produced for King James II, dated 1685 to 1688, the obverse showing a left-facing bust of the king and the inscription IACOBVS II DEI GRATIA, with the reverse showing three crowned "I"s (indicating the value) and the inscription MAG BR FRA ET HIB REX date.

For the joint reign of King William III and Queen Mary II, threepences were produced in all years from 1689 to 1694. For the first two years a somewhat caricatured portrait of the monarchs was used, replaced by a rather more staid portrait in 1691, with the inscription GVLIELMVS ET MARIA D G, while the reverse shows a crowned Arabic number "3" and the inscription MAG BR FR ET HIB REX ET REGINA date. For the sole reign of William III, the design remained very similar, with the inscriptions changed to GVLIELMVS III DEI GRA and MAG BR FR ET HIB REX date.

Early 18th century

In the reign of Queen Anne (1702–1714), the same basic design was used, with threepences produced in 1703–10 and 1713. The obverse shows a left-facing bust of the Queen, with the inscription ANNA DEI GRATIA while the reverse shows the crowned "3" and MAG BR FR ET HIB REG date (1703–05, 1707), MAG BR FRA ET HIB REG (1706), or MAG BRI FR ET HIB REG (1708–13).

The design continued in the reign of King George I, when threepences were produced in 1717, 1721, 1723, and 1727. The obverse shows a right-facing bust of the King, with the inscription GEORGIVS DEI GRATIA while the reverse shows the crowned "3" and MAG BRI FR ET HIB REX date.

Unusually, the same young portrait of King George II was used on the threepence throughout his reign (1727–60), despite an older portrait being used on other denominations from 1743. Threepences were produced in 1729, 1731, 1732, 1735, 1737, 1739, 1740, 1743, 1746, and 1760. The obverse shows a left-facing bust of the King, with the inscription GEORGIVS II DEI GRATIA while the reverse shows the crowned "3" and MAG BRI FR ET HIB REX date.

Change of role

While the silver threepence was minted as a currency coin until nearly the middle of the 20th century, it is clear that the purpose of the coin changed during the reign of King George III (1760–1820). In the first two years of minting, 1762 and 1763, the coin was obviously produced for general circulation as examples are generally found well worn; on the other hand, coins from the late issue (1817–20) are usually found in very fine condition, indicating that they were probably issued as Maundy money. Over the length of the reign there were several different designs of obverse and reverse in use. Threepences were issued in 1762–63, 1765–66, 1770, 1772, 1780, 1784, 1786, 1792, 1795, 1800, 1817, 1818, and 1820. From 1817 the dimensions of the coin were reduced to a weight of 1.4 grams (defined as 1⁄22 troy ounce[2]) and diameter of 16 millimetres, following the Great Recoinage of 1816. The inscription on the obverse reads GEORGIVS III DEI GRATIA up to 1800, and GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA date from 1817. The reverse inscription reads MAG BRI FR ET HIB REX date up to 1800 and BRITANNIARUM REX FID DEF date from 1817.

By the start of the reign of King George IV (1820–30) the coin was being struck primarily as a Maundy coin, although some coins were produced for use in the colonies. See Maundy money for full details of these issues. Threepences were struck in all years from 1822 to 1830, though the king's head is smaller on the 1822 issue, apparently because the correct punch broke and the one from the twopence was used instead. The obverse inscription reads GEORGIUS IIII D G BRITANNIAR REX F D, while the reverse shows a new-style crowned "3" and date, all within a wreath.

In King William IV's reign (1830–37), maundy coins were produced in 1831–37, and identical circulation coins were produced for the colonies, identifiable only through not having a prooflike surface. The obverse inscription reads GULIELMUS IIII D G BRITANNIAR REX F D, while the reverse shows the new-style crowned "3" and date, all within a wreath.

Queen Victoria

Victoria threepence 1899

During the reign of Queen Victoria, threepences were produced both for Maundy use and for normal circulation in all years between 1838 and 1901 except 1847, 1848, and 1852 (perhaps because of the proposal for a decimal currency at the time (see florin); the 3d at 1⁄80 pound would not have fitted within a decimal system). Currency silver threepences from 1838 to 1926 were of identical design and cannot usually be distinguished except in the best conditions when the higher striking standard of the Maundy coins stands out; when the currency was decimalised in 1971, all silver threepences from 1870 onwards were revalued at three new pence, not just the Maundy coins. Threepences were produced both with the "young head" (1838–87) and with the "Jubilee head" (1887–93), inscribed VICTORIA D G BRITANNIAR REGINA F D, while those produced with the "old head" (1893–1901) are inscribed VICTORIA DEI GRA BRITT REGINA FID DEF IND IMP.

Early 20th century

The currency threepence was issued for each of the nine years of the reign of King Edward VII from 1902. The reverse design remained the same, while the obverse showed the right-facing effigy of the king, with the inscription EDWARDVS VII D G BRITT OMN REX F D IND IMP.

The reign of King George V (1910–1936) features several changes to the threepence denomination. As with all British silver coins, the silver content was reduced from sterling (0.925) silver to 50% silver, 40% copper, 10% nickel in 1920, 50% silver, 50% copper in 1922, and 50% silver, 40% copper, 5% nickel, 5% zinc in 1927, while the design of the reverse of the circulating threepence (but not the maundy threepence) was completely changed in 1927 to three oak sprigs with three acorns and a "G" in the centre, and the inscription THREE PENCE date. The inscription on the obverse throughout the reign was GEORGIVS V D G BRITT OMN REX F D IND IMP.

The threepences of King Edward VIII were all patterns awaiting royal approval at the time of the abdication in December 1936. The silver threepence had another completely new reverse – three interlinked rings of Saint Edmund, with the inscription FID DEF IND IMP 1937 THREE PENCE, while the obverse shows a left-facing effigy of the king with the inscription EDWARDVS VIII D G BR OMN REX and a very small silver engravement.

Brass vs silver threepences

A 1943 brass threepenny bit

By the end of George V's reign the threepence had become unpopular in England because of its small size (George Orwell comments on this in Keep the Aspidistra Flying[3]), but it remained popular in Scotland. It was consequently decided to introduce a more substantial threepenny coin which would have a more convenient weight/value ratio than the silver coinage. The silver threepence continued to be minted, as there may have been some uncertainty about how well the new coin would be accepted. The reign of Edward VIII saw the planned introduction of a new, larger, nickel-brass (79% copper, 20% zinc, 1% nickel) twelve-sided threepence coin. This coin weighed 6.6 grams (0.23 oz) and the diameter was 21 millimetres (0.83 in) across the sides and 22 millimetres (0.87 in) across the corners. The obverse shows a left-facing effigy of the king[4] (not right as would have been the convention to alternate the direction) with the inscription EDWARDVS VIII D G BR OMN REX F D IND IMP, and the reverse shows a three-headed thrift plant with the inscription THREE PENCE 1937. A total of just 12 of these coins were struck for experimental purposes and sent to a slot machine manufacturing company for testing. The whereabouts of six of those 12 are known. However, the other six are still out there somewhere and, as such, they are extremely rare today. An example was put up for auction in 2013, expecting £30,000.[citation needed] There are two types of Edward VIII brass threepences. The first type has the date broken by a thrift plant design and the second has the date below.

During the reign of King George VI, circulation silver threepences were produced only in 1937–45 (and almost all the 1945 examples were subsequently melted down). The obverse shows a left-facing effigy of the king with the inscription GEORGIVS VI D G BR OMN REX, while the reverse has an elegant design of a shield of St George lying on a Tudor rose, dividing the date, with the inscription FID DEF IND IMP THREE PENCE. The nickel-brass threepence took over the bulk of the production of the denomination, being produced in all years between 1937 and 1952 except 1947. Apart from the king's head and name, and the weight being increased to 6.8 grams (0.24 oz), the coin was identical to that prepared for Edward VIII.[5] Coins dated 1946 and 1949 were minted in far fewer numbers than the rest, and as nickel-brass wears very quickly; higher grade specimens of these coins are expensive to buy now (both over £500 for uncirculated examples). The scarce dates are 1948, 1950 and 1951 and these are now selling for £60–£80 in mint state.

Elizabeth II threepences

The physical dimensions of the brass threepence remained the same in the reign of Queen Elizabeth II. The effigy of the queen produced by Mary Gillick was used, with the inscription ELIZABETH II DEI GRA BRITT OMN REGINA F D used in 1953, and ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA F D used in all other years. The reverse shows a Tudor portcullis with chains and a coronet, with the inscription THREE PENCE date. This coin was produced in all years from 1953 to 1967, and in 1970 (in proof sets only).

Following decimalisation, the brass threepence ceased to be legal tender after 31 August 1971.

The Commonwealth

A three pence coin was also used in the pre-decimalisation currencies of Commonwealth of Nations countries such as Fiji, Australia, and New Zealand. It was called a tickey in South Africa[6] and Southern Rhodesia.[7]

Building

No. 1 Croydon was known for many years as the "threepenny bit building" for its resemblance to a stack of threepenny coins. After the coins were phased out (beginning in 1970) the building eventually gained a new nickname, the "50p building".

Nickname

The silver threepenny bit became known as a 'joey'. However, the original 'joey' was the groat (or fourpence).The groat was re-introduced in 1836 during the reign of William IV at the suggestion of Joseph Hume (1777-1855).Popularly known as the 'joey',named after Hume's christian name, it was introduced to ease transactions on the London buses, the fare being four pence or one groat. As the last groats were struck in 1888 the nickname passed to the silver threepences struck after that date until 1941 (the last year of production for British use). The silver threepence continued to be struck for three further years from 1942 to 1944 inclusive although for colonial use only as the 12-sided brass threepences were being struck in large numbers.

The 12-sided coin reprised

In March 2014, the Royal Mint announced that a new design of one pound coin would be introduced in 2017, reprising the twelve-sided shape. The new coin was designed to be more difficult to counterfeit.[8][9]

October 2019 – sale of 120,000 threepences

In 2019, the London Mint Office authorised and oversaw the sale of 120,000 silver threepence coins dated to King George V's reign; one threepence from the sale is included in this image alongside a gold half sovereign from 1911.

In October 2019, it was announced that 120,000 silver threepences dated to 1935 and earlier were to be sold to the general public, as part of a move to encourage people to pick up coin collecting and numismatics.[10] The London Mint Office oversaw the sale of the coins, which all date from George V's reign and were valued at a total of approximately £1m, although a more realistic valuation would be in the region of £60,000.[citation needed]

See also

icon Money portal

Numismatics portal

flag United Kingdom portal

Irish three-pence coin

Australian threepence coin

New Zealand pound

References

 1945 Threepence sells for £62,000

 Kindleberger, Charles P. (2005). A Financial History of Western Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 60. ISBN 9780415378673.

 Orwell, George (1936). "Chapter 1". Keep the Aspidistra Flying. London: Victor Gollancz. Because how can you buy anything with a threepenny-bit? It isn't a coin, it's the answer to a riddle.

 "Pictures of Coins of the UK".

 "Coins of the UK - Three Pence".

 Hear the Tickey Bottle Tinkle, The Rotarian, June 1954, page 51

 Southern Rhodesia, Past and Present, Chronicle Stationery and Book Store, 1945

 Svenja O’Donnell (2014-03-18). "U.K. to Replace 1-Pound Coin With Secure 12-Edged Design". Bloomberg.

 "New 12-sided £1 coin unveiled". ITV. 2014-03-19.

 Hardy, Jack (4 November 2019). "£1 million worth of 'thruppences' to be sold to stop coin collecting dying out". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 19 November 2019.

External links

British Coins – Free information about British coins. Includes an online forum.

History of the Threepence

Threepence (Circulating), Coin Type from United Kingdom - Online Coin Club

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Coins of England

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Sterling coinage

Decimal

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p1p2p5p10p20p50p£1£2

Pre-decimal

Quarter farthing (

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d.) (Ceylon)Third farthing (

1

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12

d.) (Malta)Half farthing (

1

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8

d.)Farthing (

1

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d.)Halfpenny (

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d.)Penny (1d.)Three halfpence (1+

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d.) (British Ceylon & British West Indies)Twopence (2d.)Threepence (3d.)Fourpence (4d.)Sixpence (6d.)Shilling (1/–)Fifteen pence (1/3d.) (Australia)Eighteen Pence(1/6d.) (British Ireland)Florin (2/–)Half crown (2/6d.)Thirty Pence(2/6d.) (British Ireland)Double florin (4/–)Crown (5/–)Six Shillings (6/-) (British Ireland)Quarter guinea (5/3d.)Third guinea (7/–)Half sovereign (10/–)Half guinea (10/6d.)Sovereign (£1)Guinea (£1/1/–)Double sovereign (£2)Two guineas (£2/2/–)Five pounds (£5)Five guineas (£5/5/–)

Commemorative

3p (Tristan da Cunha)6p25p60p (Isle of Man)70p (Ascension Island)£5£10£20£25£50£100£200£500£1000Maundy money

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BritanniaQuarter sovereignHalf sovereignSovereignDouble sovereignQuintuple sovereignLunarThe Queen's BeastsLandmarks of Britain

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Sterling (currency)Sterling banknotesList of British banknotes and coinsList of British currenciesJubilee coinageOld Head coinageScottish coinageCoins of IrelandList of people on coins of the United Kingdom

Categories: History of British coinagePre-decimalisation coins of the United KingdomCoins of Great Britain

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"MUFC" redirects here. For other uses, see MUFC (disambiguation).

This article is about the men's professional football team. For the women's team associated to the same club, see Manchester United W.F.C. For the independent club established by supporters, see F.C. United of Manchester.

"Man U" redirects here. For other uses, see Manu.

Manchester United

The words "Manchester" and "United" surround a pennant featuring a ship in full sail and a devil holding a trident.

Full name Manchester United Football Club

Nickname(s) The Red Devils[1]

United

Short name Man United[2][3]

Man Utd

Founded 1878; 145 years ago, as Newton Heath LYR F.C.

24 April 1902; 121 years ago, as Manchester United F.C.

Ground Old Trafford

Capacity 74,310[4]

Coordinates 53.4631°N 2.2913°W

Owner Manchester United plc (NYSE: MANU)

Co-chairmen Joel and Avram Glazer

Manager Erik ten Hag

League Premier League

2022–23 Premier League, 3rd of 20

Website Club website

Home colours

Away colours

Third colours

 Current season

Departments of Manchester United

Men's football Women's football Academy

Basketball

(defunct)

Manchester United Football Club, commonly referred to as Man United (often stylised as Man Utd), or simply United, is a professional football club based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England. The club competes in the Premier League, the top division in the English football league system. Nicknamed the Red Devils, they were founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878, but changed their name to Manchester United in 1902. After a spell playing in Clayton, Manchester, the club moved to their current stadium, Old Trafford, in 1910.

Domestically, Manchester United have won a record 20 top-flight league titles, 12 FA Cups, six League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields. In international football, they have won the European Cup/UEFA Champions League three times, and the UEFA Europa League, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, the UEFA Super Cup, the Intercontinental Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup once each.[5][6] In 1968, under the management of Matt Busby, 10 years after eight of the club's players were killed in the Munich air disaster, they became the first English club to win the European Cup. Sir Alex Ferguson is the club's longest-serving and most successful manager, winning 38 trophies, including 13 league titles, five FA Cups, and two Champions League titles between 1986 and 2013.[7][8] In the 1998–99 season, under Ferguson, the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the continental treble of the Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League.[9] In winning the UEFA Europa League under José Mourinho in 2016–17, they became one of five clubs to have won the original three main UEFA club competitions (the Champions League, Europa League and Cup Winners' Cup).

Manchester United is one of the most widely supported football clubs in the world[10][11] and has rivalries with Liverpool, Manchester City, Arsenal and Leeds United. Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world for 2016–17, with an annual revenue of €676.3 million,[12] and the world's third-most-valuable football club in 2019, valued at £3.15 billion ($3.81 billion).[13] After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991, the club was taken private in 2005 after a purchase by American businessman Malcolm Glazer valued at almost £800 million, of which over £500 million of borrowed money became the club's debt.[14] From 2012, some shares of the club were listed on the New York Stock Exchange, although the Glazer family retains overall ownership and control of the club.

History

See also: List of Manchester United F.C. seasons

refer to caption

A chart showing the progress of Manchester United through the English football league system, from joining as Newton Heath in 1892–93 to the present

Early years (1878–1945)

Main article: History of Manchester United F.C. (1878–1945)

Manchester United was formed in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR Football Club by the Carriage and Wagon department of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (LYR) depot at Newton Heath.[15] The team initially played games against other departments and railway companies, but on 20 November 1880, they competed in their first recorded match; wearing the colours of the railway company – green and gold – they were defeated 6–0 by Bolton Wanderers' reserve team.[16] By 1888, the club had become a founding member of The Combination, a regional football league. Following the league's dissolution after only one season, Newton Heath joined the newly formed Football Alliance, which ran for three seasons before being merged with The Football League. This resulted in the club starting the 1892–93 season in the First Division, by which time it had become independent of the railway company and dropped the "LYR" from its name.[15] After two seasons, the club was relegated to the Second Division.[15]

A black-and-white photograph of a football team lining up before a match. Four players, wearing dark shirts, light shorts and dark socks, are seated. Four more players are standing immediately behind them, and three more are standing on a higher level on the back row. Two men in suits are standing on either side of the players.

The Manchester United team at the start of the 1905–06 season, in which they were runners-up in the Second Division

In January 1902, with debts of £2,670 – equivalent to £310,000 in 2023[nb 1] – the club was served with a winding-up order.[17] Captain Harry Stafford found four local businessmen, including John Henry Davies (who became club president), each willing to invest £500 in return for a direct interest in running the club and who subsequently changed the name;[18] on 24 April 1902, Manchester United was officially born.[19][nb 2] Under Ernest Mangnall, who assumed managerial duties in 1903, the team finished as Second Division runners-up in 1906 and secured promotion to the First Division, which they won in 1908 – the club's first league title. The following season began with victory in the first ever Charity Shield[20] and ended with the club's first FA Cup title. Manchester United won the First Division for the second time in 1911, but at the end of the following season, Mangnall left the club to join Manchester City.[21]

In 1922, three years after the resumption of football following the First World War, the club was relegated to the Second Division, where it remained until regaining promotion in 1925. Relegated again in 1931, Manchester United became a yo-yo club, achieving its all-time lowest position of 20th place in the Second Division in 1934. Following the death of principal benefactor John Henry Davies in October 1927, the club's finances deteriorated to the extent that Manchester United would likely have gone bankrupt had it not been for James W. Gibson, who, in December 1931, invested £2,000 and assumed control of the club.[22] In the 1938–39 season, the last year of football before the Second World War, the club finished 14th in the First Division.[22]

Busby years (1945–1969)

Main article: History of Manchester United F.C. (1945–1969)

A black-and-white photograph of several people in suits and overcoats on the steps of an aircraft.

The Busby Babes in 1955. Manager Matt Busby is pictured front right.

In October 1945, the impending resumption of football after the war led to the managerial appointment of Matt Busby, who demanded an unprecedented level of control over team selection, player transfers and training sessions.[23] Busby led the team to second-place league finishes in 1947, 1948 and 1949, and to FA Cup victory in 1948. In 1952, the club won the First Division, its first league title for 41 years.[24] They then won back-to-back league titles in 1956 and 1957; the squad, who had an average age of 22, were nicknamed "the Busby Babes" by the media, a testament to Busby's faith in his youth players.[25] In 1957, Manchester United became the first English team to compete in the European Cup, despite objections from The Football League, who had denied Chelsea the same opportunity the previous season.[26] En route to the semi-final, which they lost to Real Madrid, the team recorded a 10–0 victory over Belgian champions Anderlecht, which remains the club's biggest victory on record.[27]

A stone tablet, inscribed with the image of a football pitch and several names. It is surrounded by a stone border in the shape of a football stadium. Above the tablet is a wooden carving of two men holding a large wreath.

A plaque at Old Trafford in memory of those who died in the Munich air disaster, including players' names

The following season, on the way home from a European Cup quarter-final victory against Red Star Belgrade, the aircraft carrying the Manchester United players, officials and journalists crashed while attempting to take off after refuelling in Munich, Germany. The Munich air disaster of 6 February 1958 claimed 23 lives, including those of eight players – Geoff Bent, Roger Byrne, Eddie Colman, Duncan Edwards, Mark Jones, David Pegg, Tommy Taylor and Billy Whelan – and injured several more.[28][29]

The United Trinity statue of George Best (left), Denis Law (centre) and Bobby Charlton (right) outside Old Trafford

Assistant manager Jimmy Murphy took over as manager while Busby recovered from his injuries and the club's makeshift side reached the FA Cup final, which they lost to Bolton Wanderers. In recognition of the team's tragedy, UEFA invited the club to compete in the 1958–59 European Cup alongside eventual League champions Wolverhampton Wanderers. Despite approval from The Football Association, The Football League determined that the club should not enter the competition, since it had not qualified.[30][31] Busby rebuilt the team through the 1960s by signing players such as Denis Law and Pat Crerand, who combined with the next generation of youth players – including George Best – to win the FA Cup in 1963. The following season, they finished second in the league, then won the title in 1965 and 1967. In 1968, Manchester United became the first English club to win the European Cup, beating Benfica 4–1 in the final[32] with a team that contained three European Footballers of the Year: Bobby Charlton, Denis Law and George Best.[33] They then represented Europe in the 1968 Intercontinental Cup against Estudiantes de La Plata of Argentina, but defeat in the first leg in Buenos Aires meant a 1–1 draw at Old Trafford three weeks later was not enough to claim the title. Busby resigned as manager in 1969 before being replaced by the reserve team coach, former Manchester United player Wilf McGuinness.[34]

1969–1986

Main article: History of Manchester United F.C. (1969–1986)

A smiling man with dark hair wearing a white, green and blue tracksuit top over a blue shirt. He is holding a washbag under his right arm.

Bryan Robson was the captain of Manchester United for 12 years, longer than any other player.[35]

Following an eighth-place finish in the 1969–70 season and a poor start to the 1970–71 season, Busby was persuaded to temporarily resume managerial duties, and McGuinness returned to his position as reserve team coach. In June 1971, Frank O'Farrell was appointed as manager, but lasted less than 18 months before being replaced by Tommy Docherty in December 1972.[36] Docherty saved Manchester United from relegation that season, only to see them relegated in 1974; by that time the trio of Best, Law, and Charlton had left the club.[32] The team won promotion at the first attempt and reached the FA Cup final in 1976, but were beaten by Southampton. They reached the final again in 1977, beating Liverpool 2–1. Docherty was dismissed shortly afterwards, following the revelation of his affair with the club physiotherapist's wife.[34][37]

Dave Sexton replaced Docherty as manager in the summer of 1977. Despite major signings, including Joe Jordan, Gordon McQueen, Gary Bailey, and Ray Wilkins, the team failed to win any trophies; they finished second in 1979–80 and lost to Arsenal in the 1979 FA Cup final. Sexton was dismissed in 1981, even though the team won the last seven games under his direction.[38] He was replaced by Ron Atkinson, who immediately broke the British record transfer fee to sign Bryan Robson from his former club West Bromwich Albion. Under Atkinson, Manchester United won the FA Cup in 1983 and 1985 and beat rivals Liverpool to win the 1983 Charity Shield. In 1985–86, after 13 wins and two draws in its first 15 matches, the club was favourite to win the league but finished in fourth place. The following season, with the club in danger of relegation by November, Atkinson was dismissed.[39]

Ferguson years (1986–2013)

Main article: History of Manchester United F.C. (1986–2013)

The torso and head of a grey-haired white man. He is wearing spectacles and a black coat.

Alex Ferguson managed the team between 1986 and 2013.

Alex Ferguson and his assistant Archie Knox arrived from Aberdeen on the day of Atkinson's dismissal,[40] and guided the club to an 11th-place finish in the league.[41] Despite a second-place finish in 1987–88, the club was back in 11th place the following season.[42] Reportedly on the verge of being dismissed, Ferguson's job was saved by victory over Crystal Palace in the 1990 FA Cup final.[43][44] The following season, Manchester United claimed their first UEFA Cup Winners' Cup title. That triumph allowed the club to compete in the European Super Cup for the first time, where United beat European Cup holders Red Star Belgrade 1–0 at Old Trafford. The club appeared in two consecutive League Cup finals in 1991 and 1992, beating Nottingham Forest 1–0 in the second to win that competition for the first time as well.[39] In 1993, in the first season of the newly founded Premier League, the club won their first league title since 1967, and a year later, for the first time since 1957, they won a second consecutive title – alongside the FA Cup – to complete the first "Double" in the club's history.[39] United then became the first English club to do the Double twice when they won both competitions again in 1995–96,[45] before retaining the league title once more in 1996–97 with a game to spare.[46]

Front three: Manchester United's treble medals of the 1998–99 season are displayed at the club's museum.

In the 1998–99 season, Manchester United became the first team to win the Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League – "The Treble" – in the same season.[47] Trailing 1–0 going into injury time in the 1999 UEFA Champions League final, Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored late goals to claim a dramatic victory over Bayern Munich, in what is considered one of the greatest comebacks of all time.[48] That summer, Ferguson received a knighthood for his services to football.[49]

In November 1999, the club became the only British team to ever win the Intercontinental Cup with a 1–0 victory over the strong 1999 Copa Libertadores winners Palmeiras in Tokyo. The Red Devils counted on an unexpected goalkeeper fail by future 2002 FIFA World Cup winner Marcos and a disallowed goal scored by Alex to win the game.[50]

A white football player with short, dark, greying hair. He is wearing a red shirt, white shorts, white socks and white football boots. He is running and has puffed-out cheeks.

Ryan Giggs is the most decorated player in English football history.[51]

Manchester United won the league again in the 1999–2000 and 2000–01 seasons, becoming only the fourth club to win the English title three times in a row. The team finished third in 2001–02, before regaining the title in 2002–03.[52] They won the 2003–04 FA Cup, beating Millwall 3–0 in the final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff to lift the trophy for a record 11th time.[53] In the 2005–06 season, Manchester United failed to qualify for the knockout phase of the UEFA Champions League for the first time in over a decade,[54] but recovered to secure a second-place league finish and victory over Wigan Athletic in the 2006 Football League Cup final. The club regained the Premier League title in the 2006–07 season, before completing the European double in 2007–08 with a 6–5 penalty shoot-out victory over Chelsea in the 2008 UEFA Champions League final in Moscow to go with their 17th English league title. Ryan Giggs made a record 759th appearance for the club in that game, overtaking previous record holder Bobby Charlton.[55] In December 2008, the club became the first British team to win the FIFA Club World Cup and followed this with the 2008–09 Football League Cup, and its third successive Premier League title.[56][57] That summer, forward Cristiano Ronaldo was sold to Real Madrid for a world record £80 million.[58] In 2010, Manchester United defeated Aston Villa 2–1 at Wembley to retain the League Cup, its first successful defence of a knockout cup competition.[59]

After finishing as runners-up to Chelsea in the 2009–10 season, United achieved a record 19th league title in 2010–11, securing the championship with a 1–1 away draw against Blackburn Rovers on 14 May 2011.[60] This was extended to 20 league titles in 2012–13, securing the championship with a 3–0 home win against Aston Villa on 22 April 2013.[61]

2013–present

On 8 May 2013, Ferguson announced that he was to retire as manager at the end of the football season, but would remain at the club as a director and club ambassador.[62][63] He retired as the most decorated manager in football history.[64][65] The club announced the next day that Everton manager David Moyes would replace him from 1 July, having signed a six-year contract.[66][67][68] Ryan Giggs took over as interim player-manager 10 months later, on 22 April 2014, when Moyes was sacked after a poor season in which the club failed to defend their Premier League title and failed to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since 1995–96.[69] They also failed to qualify for the UEFA Europa League, the first time Manchester United had not qualified for a European competition since 1990.[70] On 19 May 2014, it was confirmed that Louis van Gaal would replace Moyes as Manchester United manager on a three-year deal, with Giggs as his assistant.[71] Malcolm Glazer, the patriarch of the family that owns the club, died on 28 May 2014.[72]

Wayne Rooney receiving an award for becoming the club's record goalscorer from previous record holder Sir Bobby Charlton in January 2017

Under Van Gaal, United won a 12th FA Cup, but a disappointing slump in the middle of his second season led to rumours of the board sounding out potential replacements.[73] Van Gaal was ultimately sacked just two days after the cup final victory, with United having finished fifth in the league.[74] Former Porto, Chelsea, Inter Milan and Real Madrid manager José Mourinho was appointed in his place on 27 May 2016.[75] Mourinho signed a three-year contract, and in his first season won the FA Community Shield, EFL Cup and UEFA Europa League. Wayne Rooney scored his 250th goal for United, a stoppage-time equaliser in a league game against Stoke City in January 2017, surpassing Sir Bobby Charlton as the club's all-time top scorer.[76] The following season, United finished second in the league – their highest league placing since 2013 – but were still 19 points behind rivals Manchester City. Mourinho also guided the club to a 19th FA Cup final, but they lost 1–0 to Chelsea. On 18 December 2018, with United in sixth place in the Premier League table, 19 points behind leaders Liverpool and 11 points outside the Champions League places, Mourinho was sacked after 144 games in charge. The following day, former United striker Ole Gunnar Solskjær was appointed as caretaker manager until the end of the season.[77] On 28 March 2019, after winning 14 of his first 19 matches in charge, Solskjær was appointed permanent manager on a three-year deal.[78]

On 18 April 2021, Manchester United announced they were joining 11 other European clubs as founding members of the European Super League, a proposed 20-team competition intended to rival the UEFA Champions League.[79] The announcement drew a significant backlash from supporters, other clubs, media partners, sponsors, players and the UK Government, forcing the club to withdraw just two days later.[80][81][82][83][84] The failure of the project led to the resignation of executive vice-chairman Ed Woodward, while resultant protests against Woodward and the Glazer family led to a pitch invasion ahead of a league match against Liverpool on 2 May 2021, which saw the first postponement of a Premier League game due to supporter protests in the competition's history.[85][86]

On the pitch, United equalled their own record for the biggest win in Premier League history with a 9–0 win over Southampton on 2 February 2021,[87] but ended the season with defeat on penalties in the UEFA Europa League final against Villarreal, going four straight seasons without a trophy.[88] On 20 November 2021, Solskjær left his role as manager.[89] Former midfielder Michael Carrick took charge for the next three games, before the appointment of Ralf Rangnick as interim manager until the end of the season.[90]

On 21 April 2022, Erik ten Hag was appointed as the manager from the end of the 2021–22 season, signing a contract until June 2025 with the option of extending for a further year.[91] Ten Hag won Manchester United the 2022–23 EFL Cup against Newcastle United, winning 2–0.[92] On 5 March 2023, the club suffered their joint-heaviest defeat, losing 7–0 to rivals Liverpool at Anfield.[93]

Crest and colours

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manchester United F.C. kits (1902–2000).

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manchester United F.C. kits (2000–present).

A football crest. In the centre is a shield with a ship in full sail above a red field with three diagonal black lines. Either side of the shield are two stylised roses, separating two scrolls. The upper scroll is red and reads "Manchester United" in black type, while the lower scroll is white with "Football Club" also written in black

Manchester United badge in the 1960s

The club crest is derived from the Manchester City Council coat of arms, although all that remains of it on the current crest is the ship in full sail.[94] The devil stems from the club's nickname "The Red Devils" inspired from Salford Rugby Club;[95][96] it was included on club programmes and scarves in the 1960s, and incorporated into the club crest in 1970, although the crest was not included on the chest of the shirt until 1971.[94] In 1975, the red devil ("A devil facing the sinister guardant supporting with both hands a trident gules") was granted as a heraldic badge by the College of Arms to the English Football League for use by Manchester United.[97] In 2023, the Red Devil motif alone, which had been used in promotional items and merchandise previously, was used as the sole badge on the Manchester United third kit. The existing crest remains on the home and away kits.

Newton Heath's uniform in 1879, four years before the club played its first competitive match, has been documented as 'white with blue cord'.[98] A photograph of the Newton Heath team, taken in 1892, is believed to show the players wearing red-and-white quartered jerseys and navy blue knickerbockers.[99] Between 1894 and 1896, the players wore green and gold jerseys[99] which were replaced in 1896 by white shirts, which were worn with navy blue shorts.[99]

After the name change in 1902, the club colours were changed to red shirts, white shorts, and black socks, which has become the standard Manchester United home kit.[99] Very few changes were made to the kit until 1922 when the club adopted white shirts bearing a deep red "V" around the neck, similar to the shirt worn in the 1909 FA Cup final. They remained part of their home kits until 1927.[99] For a period in 1934, the cherry and white hooped change shirt became the home colours, but the following season the red shirt was recalled after the club's lowest ever league placing of 20th in the Second Division and the hooped shirt dropped back to being the change.[99]

The black socks were changed to white from 1959 to 1965, where they were replaced with red socks up until 1971 with white used on occasion, when the club reverted to black. Black shorts and white socks are sometimes worn with the home strip, most often in away games, if there is a clash with the opponent's kit. For 2018–19, black shorts and red socks became the primary choice for the home kit.[100] Since 1997–98, white socks have been the preferred choice for European games, which are typically played on weeknights, to aid with player visibility.[101] The current home kit is a red shirt with Adidas' trademark three stripes in red on the shoulders, white shorts, and black socks.[102]

The Manchester United away strip has often been a white shirt, black shorts and white socks, but there have been several exceptions. These include an all-black strip with blue and gold trimmings between 1993 and 1995, the navy blue shirt with silver horizontal pinstripes worn during the 1999–2000 season,[103] and the 2011–12 away kit, which had a royal blue body and sleeves with hoops made of small midnight navy blue and black stripes, with black shorts and blue socks.[104] An all-grey away kit worn during the 1995–96 season was dropped after just five games; in its final outing against Southampton, Alex Ferguson instructed the team to change into the third kit during half-time. The reason for dropping it being that the players claimed to have trouble finding their teammates against the crowd, United failed to win a competitive game in the kit in five attempts.[105] In 2001, to celebrate 100 years as "Manchester United", a reversible white and gold away kit was released, although the actual match day shirts were not reversible.[106]

The club's third kit is often all-blue; this was most recently the case during the 2014–15 season.[107] Exceptions include a green-and-gold halved shirt worn between 1992 and 1994, a blue-and-white striped shirt worn during the 1994–95 and 1995–96 seasons and once in 1996–97, an all-black kit worn during the Treble-winning 1998–99 season, and a white shirt with black-and-red horizontal pinstripes worn between 2003–04 and 2005–06.[108] From 2006–07 to 2013–14, the third kit was the previous season's away kit, albeit updated with the new club sponsor in 2006–07 and 2010–11, apart from the 2008–09 season, when an all-blue kit was launched to mark the 40th anniversary of the 1967–68 European Cup success.[109]

Grounds

A stand of a football stadium. The seats are red, and the words "Manchester United" are written in white seats. The roof of the stand is supported by a cantilever structure. On the lip of the roof, it reads "Old Trafford Manchester".

United's current ground, Old Trafford, after its expansion in 2006

1878–1893: North Road

Main article: North Road (Manchester)

Newton Heath initially played on a field on North Road, close to the railway yard; the original capacity was about 12,000, but club officials deemed the facilities inadequate for a club hoping to join The Football League.[110] Some expansion took place in 1887, and in 1891, Newton Heath used its minimal financial reserves to purchase two grandstands, each able to hold 1,000 spectators.[111] Although attendances were not recorded for many of the earliest matches at North Road, the highest documented attendance was approximately 15,000 for a First Division match against Sunderland on 4 March 1893.[112] A similar attendance was also recorded for a friendly match against Gorton Villa on 5 September 1889.[113]

1893–1910: Bank Street

Main article: Bank Street (football ground)

In June 1893, after the club was evicted from North Road by its owners, Manchester Deans and Canons, who felt it was inappropriate for the club to charge an entry fee to the ground, secretary A. H. Albut procured the use of the Bank Street ground in Clayton.[114] It initially had no stands, by the start of the 1893–94 season, two had been built; one spanning the full length of the pitch on one side and the other behind the goal at the "Bradford end". At the opposite end, the "Clayton end", the ground had been "built up, thousands thus being provided for".[114] Newton Heath's first league match at Bank Street was played against Burnley on 1 September 1893, when 10,000 people saw Alf Farman score a hat-trick, Newton Heath's only goals in a 3–2 win. The remaining stands were completed for the following league game against Nottingham Forest three weeks later.[114] In October 1895, before the visit of Manchester City, the club purchased a 2,000-capacity stand from the Broughton Rangers rugby league club, and put up another stand on the "reserved side" (as distinct from the "popular side"); however, weather restricted the attendance for the Manchester City match to just 12,000.[115]

When the Bank Street ground was temporarily closed by bailiffs in 1902, club captain Harry Stafford raised enough money to pay for the club's next away game at Bristol City and found a temporary ground at Harpurhey for the next reserves game against Padiham.[116] Following financial investment, new club president John Henry Davies paid £500 for the erection of a new 1,000-seat stand at Bank Street.[117] Within four years, the stadium had cover on all four sides, as well as the ability to hold approximately 50,000 spectators, some of whom could watch from the viewing gallery atop the Main Stand.[117]

1910–present: Old Trafford

Main article: Old Trafford

Following Manchester United's first league title in 1908 and the FA Cup a year later, it was decided that Bank Street was too restrictive for Davies' ambition;[117] in February 1909, six weeks before the club's first FA Cup title, Old Trafford was named as the home of Manchester United, following the purchase of land for around £60,000. Architect Archibald Leitch was given a budget of £30,000 for construction; original plans called for seating capacity of 100,000, though budget constraints forced a revision to 77,000.[118][119] The building was constructed by Messrs Brameld and Smith of Manchester. The stadium's record attendance was registered on 25 March 1939, when an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town drew 76,962 spectators.[120]

Bombing in the Second World War destroyed much of the stadium; the central tunnel in the South Stand was all that remained of that quarter. After the war, the club received compensation from the War Damage Commission in the amount of £22,278. While reconstruction took place, the team played its "home" games at Manchester City's Maine Road ground; Manchester United was charged £5,000 per year, plus a nominal percentage of gate receipts.[121] Later improvements included the addition of roofs, first to the Stretford End and then to the North and East Stands. The roofs were supported by pillars that obstructed many fans' views, and they were eventually replaced with a cantilevered structure. The Stretford End was the last stand to receive a cantilevered roof, completed in time for the 1993–94 season.[34] First used on 25 March 1957 and costing £40,000, four 180-foot (55 m) pylons were erected, each housing 54 individual floodlights. These were dismantled in 1987 and replaced by a lighting system embedded in the roof of each stand, which remains in use today.[122]

The Taylor Report's requirement for an all-seater stadium lowered capacity at Old Trafford to around 44,000 by 1993. In 1995, the North Stand was redeveloped into three tiers, restoring capacity to approximately 55,000. At the end of the 1998–99 season, second tiers were added to the East and West Stands, raising capacity to around 67,000, and between July 2005 and May 2006, 8,000 more seats were added via second tiers in the north-west and north-east quadrants. Part of the new seating was used for the first time on 26 March 2006, when an attendance of 69,070 became a new Premier League record.[123] The record was pushed steadily upwards before reaching its peak on 31 March 2007, when 76,098 spectators saw Manchester United beat Blackburn Rovers 4–1, with just 114 seats (0.15 per cent of the total capacity of 76,212) unoccupied.[124] In 2009, reorganisation of the seating resulted in a reduction of capacity by 255 to 75,957.[125][126] Manchester United has the second highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund.[127][128][129] In 2021 United co-chairman Joel Glazer said that "early-stage planning work" for the redevelopment of Old Trafford was underway. This followed "increasing criticism" over the lack of development of the ground since 2006.[130]

Support

Average Old Trafford Manchester United attendance, 1949–2009

Manchester United is one of the most popular football clubs in the world, with one of the highest average home attendances in Europe.[131] The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the Manchester United Supporters Club (MUSC), in at least 24 countries.[132] The club takes advantage of this support through its worldwide summer tours. Accountancy firm and sports industry consultants Deloitte estimate that Manchester United has 75 million fans worldwide.[10] The club has the third highest social media following in the world among sports teams (after Barcelona and Real Madrid), with over 82 million Facebook followers as of July 2023.[11][133] A 2014 study showed that Manchester United had the loudest fans in the Premier League.[134]

Supporters are represented by two independent bodies; the Independent Manchester United Supporters' Association (IMUSA), which maintains close links to the club through the MUFC Fans Forum,[135] and the Manchester United Supporters' Trust (MUST). After the Glazer family's takeover in 2005, a group of fans formed a splinter club, F.C. United of Manchester. The West Stand of Old Trafford – the "Stretford End" – is the home end and the traditional source of the club's most vocal support.[136]

Rivalries

Liverpool–Manchester United match at Old Trafford on 14 March 2009

Manchester United have rivalries with Arsenal, Leeds United, Liverpool, and Manchester City, against whom they contest the Manchester derby.[137][138]

The rivalry with Liverpool is rooted in competition between the cities during the Industrial Revolution, when Manchester was famous for its textile industry while Liverpool was a major port.[139] The two clubs are the most successful English teams in both domestic and international competitions; and between them they have won 39 league titles, 9 European Cups, 4 UEFA Cups, 5 UEFA Super Cups, 20 FA Cups, 14 League Cups, 2 FIFA Club World Cups, 1 Intercontinental Cup and 37 FA Community Shields.[5][140][141] Ranked the two biggest clubs in England by France Football magazine based on metrics such as fanbase and historical importance,[142] Manchester United v Liverpool is considered to be the most famous fixture in English football and one of the biggest rivalries in the football world.[143][144][145][146] No player has been transferred between the clubs since 1964.[147] Former Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson said in 2002, "My greatest challenge was knocking Liverpool right off their fucking perch".[148]

The "Roses Rivalry" with Leeds stems from the Wars of the Roses, fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York, with Manchester United representing Lancashire and Leeds representing Yorkshire.[149]

The rivalry with Arsenal arises from the numerous times the two teams, as well as managers Alex Ferguson and Arsène Wenger, have battled for the Premier League title. With 33 titles between them (20 for Manchester United, 13 for Arsenal) this fixture has become known as one of the finest Premier League match-ups in history.[150][151]

Global brand

Manchester United has been described as a global brand; a 2011 report by Brand Finance, valued the club's trademarks and associated intellectual property at £412 million – an increase of £39 million on the previous year, valuing it at £11 million more than the second best brand, Real Madrid – and gave the brand a strength rating of AAA (Extremely Strong).[152] In July 2012, Manchester United was ranked first by Forbes magazine in its list of the ten most valuable sports team brands, valuing the Manchester United brand at $2.23 billion.[153] The club is ranked third in the Deloitte Football Money League (behind Real Madrid and Barcelona).[154] In January 2013, the club became the first sports team in the world to be valued at $3 billion.[155] Forbes magazine valued the club at $3.3 billion – $1.2 billion higher than the next most valuable sports team.[155] They were overtaken by Real Madrid for the next four years, but Manchester United returned to the top of the Forbes list in June 2017, with a valuation of $3.689 billion.[156]

An official partner of the club, Turkish Airlines in Manchester United livery

The core strength of Manchester United's global brand is often attributed to Matt Busby's rebuilding of the team and subsequent success following the Munich air disaster, which drew worldwide acclaim.[136] The "iconic" team included Bobby Charlton and Nobby Stiles (members of England's World Cup winning team), Denis Law and George Best. The attacking style of play adopted by this team (in contrast to the defensive-minded "catenaccio" approach favoured by the leading Italian teams of the era) "captured the imagination of the English footballing public".[157] Busby's team also became associated with the liberalisation of Western society during the 1960s; George Best, known as the "Fifth Beatle" for his iconic haircut, was the first footballer to significantly develop an off-the-field media profile.[157]

As the second English football club to float on the London Stock Exchange in 1991, the club raised significant capital, with which it further developed its commercial strategy. The club's focus on commercial and sporting success brought significant profits in an industry often characterised by chronic losses.[158] The strength of the Manchester United brand was bolstered by intense off-the-field media attention to individual players, most notably David Beckham (who quickly developed his own global brand). This attention often generates greater interest in on-the-field activities, and hence generates sponsorship opportunities – the value of which is driven by television exposure.[159] During his time with the club, Beckham's popularity across Asia was integral to the club's commercial success in that part of the world.[160]

Because higher league placement results in a greater share of television rights, success on the field generates greater income for the club. Since the inception of the Premier League, Manchester United has received the largest share of the revenue generated from the BSkyB broadcasting deal.[161] Manchester United has also consistently enjoyed the highest commercial income of any English club; in 2005–06, the club's commercial arm generated £51 million, compared to £42.5 million at Chelsea, £39.3 million at Liverpool, £34 million at Arsenal and £27.9 million at Newcastle United. A key sponsorship relationship was with sportswear company Nike, who managed the club's merchandising operation as part of a £303 million 13-year partnership between 2002 and 2015.[162] Through Manchester United Finance and the club's membership scheme, One United, those with an affinity for the club can purchase a range of branded goods and services. Additionally, Manchester United-branded media services – such as the club's dedicated television channel, MUTV – have allowed the club to expand its fan base to those beyond the reach of its Old Trafford stadium.[10]

Sponsorship

Period Kit manufacturer Shirt sponsor (chest) Shirt sponsor (sleeve)

1945–1975 Umbro — —

1975–1980 Admiral

1980–1982 Adidas

1982–1992 Sharp Electronics[163]

1992–2000 Umbro

2000–2002 Vodafone[163]

2002–2006 Nike

2006–2010 AIG[163]

2010–2014 Aon[163]

2014–2015 Chevrolet[163]

2015–2018 Adidas

2018–2021 Kohler

2021–2022 TeamViewer

2022– DXC Technology

In an initial five-year deal worth £500,000, Sharp Electronics became the club's first shirt sponsor at the beginning of the 1982–83 season, a relationship that lasted until the end of the 1999–2000 season, when Vodafone agreed a four-year, £30 million deal.[164] Vodafone agreed to pay £36 million to extend the deal by four years, but after two seasons triggered a break clause in order to concentrate on its sponsorship of the Champions League.[164]

To commence at the start of the 2006–07 season, American insurance corporation AIG agreed a four-year £56.5 million deal which in September 2006 became the most valuable in the world.[165][166] At the beginning of the 2010–11 season, American reinsurance company Aon became the club's principal sponsor in a four-year deal reputed to be worth approximately £80 million, making it the most lucrative shirt sponsorship deal in football history.[167] Manchester United announced their first training kit sponsor in August 2011, agreeing a four-year deal with DHL reported to be worth £40 million; it is believed to be the first instance of training kit sponsorship in English football.[168][169] The DHL contract lasted for over a year before the club bought back the contract in October 2012, although they remained the club's official logistics partner.[170] The contract for the training kit sponsorship was then sold to Aon in April 2013 for a deal worth £180 million over eight years, which also included purchasing the naming rights for the Trafford Training Centre.[171]

The club's first kit manufacturer was Umbro, until a five-year deal was agreed with Admiral Sportswear in 1975.[172] Adidas won the contract in 1980,[173] before Umbro started a second spell in 1992.[174] That sponsorship lasted for ten years, followed by Nike's record-breaking £302.9 million deal, which lasted until 2015; 3.8 million replica shirts were sold in the first 22 months with the company.[175][176] In addition to Nike and Chevrolet, the club also has several lower-level "platinum" sponsors, including Aon and Budweiser.[177]

On 30 July 2012, United signed a seven-year deal with American automotive corporation General Motors, which replaced Aon as the shirt sponsor from the 2014–15 season. The new $80m-a-year shirt deal is worth $559m over seven years and features the logo of General Motors brand Chevrolet.[178][179] Nike announced that they would not renew their kit supply deal with Manchester United after the 2014–15 season, citing rising costs.[180][181] Since the start of the 2015–16 season, Adidas has manufactured Manchester United's kit as part of a world-record 10-year deal worth a minimum of £750 million.[182][183] Plumbing products manufacturer Kohler became the club's first sleeve sponsor ahead of the 2018–19 season.[184] Manchester United and General Motors did not renew their sponsorship deal, and the club subsequently signed a five-year, £235m sponsorship deal with TeamViewer ahead of the 2021–22 season.[185]

Ownership and finances

Originally funded by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company, the club became a limited company in 1892 and sold shares to local supporters for £1 via an application form.[18] In 1902, majority ownership passed to the four local businessmen who invested £500 to save the club from bankruptcy, including future club president John Henry Davies.[18] After his death in 1927, the club faced bankruptcy yet again, but was saved in December 1931 by James W. Gibson, who assumed control of the club after an investment of £2,000.[22] Gibson promoted his son, Alan, to the board in 1948,[186] but died three years later; the Gibson family retained ownership of the club through James' wife, Lillian,[187] but the position of chairman passed to former player Harold Hardman.[188]

Promoted to the board a few days after the Munich air disaster, Louis Edwards, a friend of Matt Busby, began acquiring shares in the club; for an investment of approximately £40,000, he accumulated a 54 per cent shareholding and took control in January 1964.[189] When Lillian Gibson died in January 1971, her shares passed to Alan Gibson who sold a percentage of his shares to Louis Edwards' son, Martin, in 1978; Martin Edwards went on to become chairman upon his father's death in 1980.[190] Media tycoon Robert Maxwell attempted to buy the club in 1984, but did not meet Edwards' asking price.[190] In 1989, chairman Martin Edwards attempted to sell the club to Michael Knighton for £20 million, but the sale fell through and Knighton joined the board of directors instead.[190]

Manchester United was floated on the stock market in June 1991 (raising £6.7 million),[191] and received yet another takeover bid in 1998, this time from Rupert Murdoch's British Sky Broadcasting Corporation. This resulted in the formation of Shareholders United Against Murdoch – now the Manchester United Supporters' Trust – who encouraged supporters to buy shares in the club in an attempt to block any hostile takeover. The Manchester United board accepted a £623 million offer,[192] but the takeover was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission at the final hurdle in April 1999.[193] A few years later, a power struggle emerged between the club's manager, Alex Ferguson, and his horse-racing partners, John Magnier and J. P. McManus, who had gradually become the majority shareholders. In a dispute that stemmed from contested ownership of the horse Rock of Gibraltar, Magnier and McManus attempted to have Ferguson removed from his position as manager, and the board responded by approaching investors to attempt to reduce the Irishmen's majority.[194]

In 2023, Manchester United received several bids to purchase the club. Jim Ratcliffe, who owns INEOS, and Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani, a Qatari sheikh, were the only bidders who had publicly declared their interest.[195] In March 2023, Finnish entrepreneur Thomas Zilliacus also made his interest in Manchester United public.[196]

Glazer ownership

See also: Glazer ownership of Manchester United

In May 2005, Malcolm Glazer purchased the 28.7 per cent stake held by McManus and Magnier, thus acquiring a controlling interest through his investment vehicle Red Football Ltd in a highly leveraged takeover valuing the club at approximately £800 million (then approx. $1.5 billion).[197] Once the purchase was complete, the club was taken off the stock exchange.[198] Much of the takeover money was borrowed by the Glazers; the debts were transferred to the club. As a result, the club went from being debt-free to being saddled with debts of £540 million, at interest rates of between 7% to 20%.[14][199][200]

In July 2006, the club announced a £660 million debt refinancing package, resulting in a 30 per cent reduction in annual interest payments to £62 million a year.[201][202] In January 2010, with debts of £716.5 million ($1.17 billion),[203] Manchester United further refinanced through a bond issue worth £504 million, enabling them to pay off most of the £509 million owed to international banks.[204] The annual interest payable on the bonds – which were to mature on 1 February 2017 – is approximately £45 million per annum.[205] Despite restructuring, the club's debt prompted protests from fans on 23 January 2010, at Old Trafford and the club's Trafford Training Centre.[206][207] Supporter groups encouraged match-going fans to wear green and gold, the colours of Newton Heath. On 30 January, reports emerged that the Manchester United Supporters' Trust had held meetings with a group of wealthy fans, dubbed the "Red Knights", with plans to buying out the Glazers' controlling interest.[208] The club's debts reached a high of £777 million in June 2007.[209]

In August 2011, the Glazers were believed to have approached Credit Suisse in preparation for a $1 billion (approx. £600 million) initial public offering (IPO) on the Singapore stock exchange that would value the club at more than £2 billion;[210] however, in July 2012, the club announced plans to list its IPO on the New York Stock Exchange instead.[211] Shares were originally set to go on sale for between $16 and $20 each, but the price was cut to $14 by the launch of the IPO on 10 August, following negative comments from Wall Street analysts and Facebook's disappointing stock market debut in May. Even after the cut, Manchester United was valued at $2.3 billion, making it the most valuable football club in the world.[212]

The New York Stock Exchange allows for different shareholders to enjoy different voting rights over the club. Shares offered to the public ("Class A") had 10 times lesser voting rights than shares retained by the Glazers ("Class B").[213] Initially in 2012, only 10% of shares were offered to the public.[214] As of 2019, the Glazers retain ultimate control over the club, with over 70% of shares, and even higher voting power.[215]

In 2012, The Guardian estimated that the club had paid a total of over £500 million in debt interest and other fees on behalf of the Glazers,[216] and in 2019, reported that the total sum paid by the club for such fees had risen to £1 billion.[200] At the end of 2019, the club had a net debt of nearly £400 million.[217]

Players

First-team squad

See also: List of Manchester United F.C. players

As of 5 September 2023[218][219]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player

1 GK Turkey TUR Altay Bayındır

2 DF Sweden SWE Victor Lindelöf

4 MF Morocco MAR Sofyan Amrabat (on loan from Fiorentina)[220]

5 DF England ENG Harry Maguire

6 DF Argentina ARG Lisandro Martínez

7 MF England ENG Mason Mount

8 MF Portugal POR Bruno Fernandes (captain)

9 FW France FRA Anthony Martial

10 FW England ENG Marcus Rashford

11 FW Denmark DEN Rasmus Højlund

12 DF Netherlands NED Tyrell Malacia

14 MF Denmark DEN Christian Eriksen

15 DF Spain ESP Sergio Reguilón (on loan from Tottenham Hotspur)[221]

16 MF Ivory Coast CIV Amad Diallo

17 FW Argentina ARG Alejandro Garnacho

18 MF Brazil BRA Casemiro

   

No. Pos. Nation Player

19 DF France FRA Raphaël Varane

20 DF Portugal POR Diogo Dalot

21 FW Brazil BRA Antony

22 GK England ENG Tom Heaton

23 DF England ENG Luke Shaw

24 GK Cameroon CMR André Onana

25 FW England ENG Jadon Sancho

28 MF Uruguay URU Facundo Pellistri

29 DF England ENG Aaron Wan-Bissaka

34 MF Netherlands NED Donny van de Beek

35 DF Northern Ireland NIR Jonny Evans

37 MF England ENG Kobbie Mainoo

39 MF Scotland SCO Scott McTominay

46 MF Tunisia TUN Hannibal Mejbri

47 FW England ENG Shola Shoretire

 

Out on loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player

33 DF England ENG Brandon Williams (at Ipswich Town)[222]

42 DF Spain ESP Álvaro Fernández (at Granada)[223]

— FW England ENG Mason Greenwood (internally suspended; at Getafe)[224]

 

Under-21s and Academy

Main article: Manchester United F.C. Under-21s and Academy

As of 2023 summer transfer window[225][226]

List of under-21s and academy players with articles

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player

44 MF England ENG Dan Gore

52 FW England ENG Joe Hugill

53 DF France FRA Willy Kambwala

59 MF Norway NOR Isak Hansen-Aarøen

61 FW Colombia COL Mateo Mejía

   

No. Pos. Nation Player

62 MF England ENG Omari Forson

63 FW England ENG Ethan Ennis

65 MF England ENG Toby Collyer

68 DF Poland POL Maxi Oyedele

— MF England ENG Tom Huddlestone (player-coach)[227]

 

Out on loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player

48 DF England ENG Will Fish (at Hibernian)[228]

56 FW England ENG Charlie McNeill (at Stevenage)[229]

 

Player of the Year awards

Team: First team U21s[a] U18s

Award Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Players' Player of the Year Denzil Haroun Reserve Team Player of the Year Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year

Inaugurated 1987–88 2005–06 1989–90 1989–90

Holder

(2022–23) England Marcus Rashford England Marcus Rashford England Dan Gore England Kobbie Mainoo

 U-23s (2016–2022)

Coaching staff

Position Staff

Manager Netherlands Erik ten Hag

Assistant coaches Netherlands Mitchell van der Gaag[230]

England Steve McClaren[230]

First-team coaches Scotland Darren Fletcher[231]

South Africa Benni McCarthy[231]

Wales Eric Ramsay[232]

Senior goalkeeping coach England Richard Hartis[233]

Assistant goalkeeping coach England Craig Mawson[234]

Head of sports medicine (first-team doctor) England Gary O'Driscoll[235]

Head of rehabilitation and physiotherapy England Robin Sadler[236]

First-team lead physio England Richard Merron

Head of physical performance England Ed Leng[237]

Fitness coaches Italy Paulo Gaudino

England Charlie Owen[238]

First-team strength and power coach England Michael Clegg[239]

First-team sports scientist England Michael Eglon

Director of academy England Nick Cox[240]

Head of player development & coaching (U19–U23) Republic of Ireland Travis Binnion[241]

Under-21s lead coach

Under-18s lead coach England Adam Lawrence[241]

Senior academy coach England Mark Dempsey[241]

Managerial history

The wall of managers on display in the club museum at Old Trafford

Main article: List of Manchester United F.C. managers

Dates[242] Name Notes

1878–1892 Unknown

1892–1900 England A. H. Albut

1900–1903 England James West

1903–1912 England Ernest Mangnall

1912–1914 England John Bentley

1914–1921 England Jack Robson

1921–1926 Scotland John Chapman

1926–1927 England Lal Hilditch Player-manager

1927–1931 England Herbert Bamlett

1931–1932 England Walter Crickmer

1932–1937 Scotland Scott Duncan

1937–1945 England Walter Crickmer

1945–1969 Scotland Matt Busby

1958 Wales Jimmy Murphy Caretaker manager

1969–1970 England Wilf McGuinness

1970–1971 Scotland Matt Busby

1971–1972 Republic of Ireland Frank O'Farrell

1972–1977 Scotland Tommy Docherty

1977–1981 England Dave Sexton

1981–1986 England Ron Atkinson

1986–2013 Scotland Alex Ferguson

2013–2014 Scotland David Moyes

2014 Wales Ryan Giggs Caretaker player-manager

2014–2016 Netherlands Louis van Gaal

2016–2018 Portugal José Mourinho

2018–2021 Norway Ole Gunnar Solskjær [nb 3]

2021 England Michael Carrick Caretaker manager

2021–2022 Germany Ralf Rangnick Interim manager

2022– Netherlands Erik ten Hag

Management

Owner: Glazer family via Red Football Shareholder Limited[243]

Manchester United Limited

Position Name[244]

Co-chairmen Avram Glazer

Joel Glazer

Chief executive Richard Arnold[245]

Chief financial officer Cliff Baty[246]

Chief operating officer Collette Roche[247]

Chief legal officer / General counsel Patrick Stewart

Non-executive directors Bryan Glazer

Kevin Glazer

Edward Glazer

Darcie Glazer Kassewitz

Robert Leitão

John Hooks

Manu Sawhney

Manchester United Football Club

Office Name

Honorary president Martin Edwards[248]

Directors David Gill

Michael Edelson

Sir Alex Ferguson[249]

Football director John Murtough[250]

Deputy football director Andy O'Boyle[251]

Technical director Darren Fletcher[250]

Director of football negotiations Matt Hargreaves

Director of football operations David Harrison[252]

Club secretary Rebecca Britain[253]

Director of football insights & innovation Richard Hawkins

Director of data science Dominic Jordan

Honours

See also: List of Manchester United F.C. records and statistics

A photograph of three medals sitting on a stand. One medal is gold and two are silver.

Winner's and runners'-up medals from Manchester United's UEFA Champions League final appearances in 2008, 2009 and 2011

Trophies won by Manchester United on display in the club museum

Manchester United is one of the most successful clubs in Europe in terms of trophies won.[254] The club's first trophy was the Manchester Cup, which they won as Newton Heath LYR in 1886.[255] In 1908, the club won their first league title, and won the FA Cup for the first time the following year. Since then, they have gone on to win a record 20 top-division titles – including a record 13 Premier League titles – and their total of 12 FA Cups is second only to Arsenal (14). Those titles have meant the club has appeared a record 30 times in the FA Community Shield (formerly the FA Charity Shield), which is played at the start of each season between the winners of the league and FA Cup from the previous season; of those 30 appearances, Manchester United have won a record 21, including four times when the match was drawn and the trophy shared by the two clubs.

The club had a successful period under the management of Matt Busby, starting with the FA Cup in 1948 and culminating with becoming the first English club to win the European Cup in 1968, winning five league titles in the intervening years. The club's most successful decade, however, came in the 1990s under Alex Ferguson; five league titles, four FA Cups, one League Cup, five Charity Shields (one shared), one UEFA Champions League, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, one UEFA Super Cup and one Intercontinental Cup. The club has won the Double (winning the Premier League and FA Cup in the same season) three times; the second in 1995–96 saw them become the first club to do so twice, and it became referred to as the "Double Double".[256] United became the sole British club to win the Intercontinental Cup in 1999 and are one of only three British clubs to have won the FIFA Club World Cup, in 2008. In 1999, United became the first English club to win the Treble.[47] In 2017, United won the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League, beating Ajax in the final. In winning that title, United became the fifth club to have won the "European Treble" of European Cup/UEFA Champions League, Cup Winners' Cup, and UEFA Cup/Europa League after Juventus, Ajax, Bayern Munich and Chelsea.[257][258]

The club's most recent trophy came in February 2023, with the 2022–23 EFL Cup.[92]

Manchester United's honours

Type Competition Titles Seasons

Domestic First Division/Premier League[nb 4] 20 1907–08, 1910–11, 1951–52, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13

Second Division[nb 4] 2 1935–36, 1974–75

FA Cup 12 1908–09, 1947–48, 1962–63, 1976–77, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1989–90, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003–04, 2015–16

Football League Cup/EFL Cup 6 1991–92, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2016–17, 2022–23

FA Charity Shield/FA Community Shield 21 1908, 1911, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1965*, 1967*, 1977*, 1983, 1990*, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2016 (* shared)

Continental European Cup/UEFA Champions League 3 1967–68, 1998–99, 2007–08

European Cup Winners' Cup 1 1990–91

UEFA Europa League 1 2016–17

UEFA Super Cup 1 1991

Worldwide FIFA Club World Cup 1 2008

Intercontinental Cup 1 1999

  record

s shared record

Doubles and Trebles

Doubles

League and FA Cup (3): 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99

League and UEFA Champions League (2): 1998–99, 2007–08

League and EFL Cup (1): 2008–09

EFL Cup and UEFA Europa League (1): 2016–17

Trebles

League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League (1): 1998–99

Short competitions – such as the FA Charity/Community Shield, Intercontinental Cup (now defunct), FIFA Club World Cup or UEFA Super Cup – are not generally considered to contribute towards a Double or Treble.[259]

Manchester United Women

Main article: Manchester United W.F.C.

A team called Manchester United Supporters Club Ladies began operations in the late 1970s and was unofficially recognised as the club's senior women's team. They became founding members of the North West Women's Regional Football League in 1989.[260] The team made an official partnership with Manchester United in 2001, becoming the club's official women's team; however, in 2005, following Malcolm Glazer's takeover, the club was disbanded as it was seen to be "unprofitable".[261] In 2018, Manchester United formed a new women's football team, which entered the second division of women's football in England for their debut season. 2023 will see that team enter European competition for the first time.[262][263]

Notes

 UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 11 June 2022.

 Sources are divided on the exact date of the meeting and subsequent name change. Whilst official club sources claim that it occurred on 26 April, the meeting was reported by the Manchester Evening Chronicle in its edition of 25 April, suggesting it was indeed on 24 April.

 Solskjaer was initially appointed as interim manager; he was given the job permanently on 28 March 2019.

 Upon its formation in 1992, the Premier League became the top tier of English football; the Football League First and Second Divisions then became the second and third tiers, respectively. From 2004, the First Division became the Championship and the Second Division became League One.

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Further reading

Andrews, David L., ed. (2004). Manchester United: A Thematic Study. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-33333-7.

Barnes, Justyn; Bostock, Adam; Butler, Cliff; Ferguson, Jim; Meek, David; Mitten, Andy; Pilger, Sam; Taylor, Frank OBE; Tyrrell, Tom (2001) [1998]. The Official Manchester United Illustrated Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). London: Manchester United Books. ISBN 978-0-233-99964-7.

Bose, Mihir (2007). Manchester Disunited: Trouble and Takeover at the World's Richest Football Club. London: Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1-84513-121-0.

Crick, Michael; Smith, David (1990). Manchester United – The Betrayal of a Legend. London: Pan Books. ISBN 978-0-330-31440-4.

Devlin, John (2005). True Colours: Football Kits from 1980 to the Present Day. London: A & C Black. ISBN 978-0-7136-7389-0.

Dobson, Stephen; Goddard, John (2004). "Ownership and Finance of Professional Soccer in England and Europe". In Fort, Rodney; Fizel, John (eds.). International Sports Economics Comparisons. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-98032-0.

Dunning, Eric (1999). Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-09378-1.

Hamil, Sean (2008). "Case 9: Manchester United: the Commercial Development of a Global Football Brand". In Chadwick, Simon; Arth, Dave (eds.). International Cases in the Business of Sport. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-8543-6.

Inglis, Simon (1996) [1985]. Football Grounds of Britain (3rd ed.). London: CollinsWillow. ISBN 978-0-00-218426-7.

James, Gary (2008). Manchester: A Football History. Halifax: James Ward. ISBN 978-0-9558127-0-5.

Morgan, Steve (March 2010). McLeish, Ian (ed.). "Design for life". Inside United (212). ISSN 1749-6497.

Murphy, Alex (2006). The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United. London: Orion Books. ISBN 978-0-7528-7603-0.

Shury, Alan; Landamore, Brian (2005). The Definitive Newton Heath F.C. SoccerData. ISBN 978-1-899468-16-4.

Tyrrell, Tom; Meek, David (1996) [1988]. The Hamlyn Illustrated History of Manchester United 1878–1996 (5th ed.). London: Hamlyn. ISBN 978-0-600-59074-3.

White, Jim (2008). Manchester United: The Biography. London: Sphere. ISBN 978-1-84744-088-4.

White, John (2007) [2005]. The United Miscellany (2nd ed.). London: Carlton Books. ISBN 978-1-84442-745-1.

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Manchester United F.C. – current squad

1 Bayındır2 Lindelöf4 Amrabat5 Maguire6 Martínez7 Mount8 Fernandes (c)9 Martial10 Rashford11 Højlund12 Malacia14 Eriksen15 Reguilón16 Diallo17 Garnacho18 Casemiro19 Varane20 Dalot21 Antony22 Heaton23 Shaw24 Onana25 Sancho28 Pellistri29 Wan-Bissaka34 Van de Beek35 Evans37 Mainoo39 McTominay44 Gore46 Mejbri47 ShoretireManager: Ten Hag

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Manchester United F.C. matches

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Notable league matches

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Manchester United F.C. seasons

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Manchester United F.C. – managers

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1980s

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2000s

2000–01: Germany Bayern Munich2001–02: Spain Real Madrid2002–03: Italy AC Milan2003–04: Portugal Porto2004–05: England Liverpool2005–06: Spain Barcelona2006–07: Italy AC Milan2007–08: England Manchester United2008–09: Spain Barcelona2009–10: Italy Inter Milan

2010s

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1970s

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1980s

1980–81: England Ipswich Town1981–82: Sweden IFK Göteborg1982–83: Belgium Anderlecht1983–84: England Tottenham Hotspur1984–85: Spain Real Madrid1985–86: Spain Real Madrid1986–87: Sweden IFK Göteborg1987–88: Germany Bayer Leverkusen1988–89: Italy Napoli1989–90: Italy Juventus

1990s

1990–91: Italy Internazionale1991–92: Netherlands Ajax1992–93: Italy Juventus1993–94: Italy Internazionale1994–95: Italy Parma1995–96: Germany Bayern Munich1996–97: Germany Schalke 041997–98: Italy Internazionale1998–99: Italy Parma1999–2000: Turkey Galatasaray

2000s

2000–01: England Liverpool2001–02: Netherlands Feyenoord2002–03: Portugal Porto2003–04: Spain Valencia2004–05: Russia CSKA Moscow2005–06: Spain Sevilla2006–07: Spain Sevilla2007–08: Russia Zenit Saint Petersburg2008–09: Ukraine Shakhtar Donetsk

UEFA Europa League era, 2009–present

2000s

2009–10: Spain Atlético Madrid

2010s

2010–11: Portugal Porto2011–12: Spain Atlético Madrid2012–13: England Chelsea2013–14: Spain Sevilla2014–15: Spain Sevilla2015–16: Spain Sevilla2016–17: England Manchester United2017–18: Spain Atlético Madrid2018–19: England Chelsea2019–20: Spain Sevilla

2020s

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1960s

1960–61: Italy Fiorentina1961–62: Spain Atlético Madrid1962–63: England Tottenham Hotspur1963–64: Portugal Sporting CP1964–65: England West Ham United1965–66: West Germany Borussia Dortmund1966–67: West Germany Bayern Munich1967–68: Italy AC Milan1968–69: Czechoslovakia Slovan Bratislava1969–70: England Manchester City

1970s

1970–71: England Chelsea1971–72: Scotland Rangers1972–73: Italy AC Milan1973–74: East Germany 1. FC Magdeburg1974–75: Soviet Union Dynamo Kyiv1975–76: Belgium Anderlecht1976–77: West Germany Hamburger SV1977–78: Belgium Anderlecht1978–79: Spain Barcelona1979–80: Spain Valencia

1980s

1980–81: Soviet Union Dinamo Tbilisi1981–82: Spain Barcelona1982–83: Scotland Aberdeen1983–84: Italy Juventus1984–85: England Everton1985–86: Soviet Union Dynamo Kyiv1986–87: Netherlands Ajax1987–88: Belgium Mechelen1988–89: Spain Barcelona1989–90: Italy Sampdoria

1990s

1990–91: England Manchester United1991–92: Germany Werder Bremen1992–93: Italy Parma1993–94: England Arsenal1994–95: Spain Zaragoza1995–96: France Paris Saint-Germain1996–97: Spain Barcelona1997–98: England Chelsea1998–99: Italy Lazio

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UEFA Super Cup winners

UCL vs. CWC

1973: Netherlands Ajax1975: Soviet Union Dynamo Kyiv1976: Belgium Anderlecht1977: England Liverpool1978: Belgium Anderlecht1979: England Nottingham Forest1980: Spain Valencia1982: England Aston Villa1983: Scotland Aberdeen1984: Italy Juventus1986: Romania Steaua București1987: Portugal Porto1988: Belgium Mechelen1989: Italy Milan1990: Italy Milan1991: England Manchester United1992: Spain Barcelona1993: Italy Parma1994: Italy Milan1995: Netherlands Ajax1996: Italy Juventus1997: Spain Barcelona1998: England Chelsea1999: Italy Lazio

UCL vs. UEL

2000: Turkey Galatasaray2001: England Liverpool2002: Spain Real Madrid2003: Italy Milan2004: Spain Valencia2005: England Liverpool2006: Spain Sevilla2007: Italy Milan2008: Russia Zenit St. Petersburg2009: Spain Barcelona2010: Spain Atlético Madrid2011: Spain Barcelona2012: Spain Atlético Madrid2013: Germany Bayern Munich2014: Spain Real Madrid2015: Spain Barcelona2016: Spain Real Madrid2017: Spain Real Madrid2018: Spain Atlético Madrid2019: England Liverpool2020: Germany Bayern Munich2021: England Chelsea2022: Spain Real Madrid2023: England Manchester City

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Intercontinental Cup winners

1960s

1960: Spain Real Madrid1961: Uruguay Peñarol1962: Brazil Santos1963: Brazil Santos1964: Italy Inter Milan1965: Italy Inter Milan1966: Uruguay Peñarol1967: Argentina Racing1968: Argentina Estudiantes de La Plata1969: Italy AC Milan

1970s

1970: Netherlands Feyenoord1971: Uruguay Nacional1972: Netherlands Ajax1973: Argentina Independiente1974: Spain Atlético Madrid1976: West Germany Bayern Munich1977: Argentina Boca Juniors1979: Paraguay Olimpia

1980s

1980: Uruguay Nacional1981: Brazil Flamengo1982: Uruguay Peñarol1983: Brazil Grêmio1984: Argentina Independiente1985: Italy Juventus1986: Argentina River Plate1987: Portugal Porto1988: Uruguay Nacional1989: Italy AC Milan

1990s

1990: Italy AC Milan1991: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade1992: Brazil São Paulo1993: Brazil São Paulo1994: Argentina Vélez Sársfield1995: Netherlands Ajax1996: Italy Juventus1997: Germany Borussia Dortmund1998: Spain Real Madrid1999: England Manchester United

2000s

2000: Argentina Boca Juniors2001: Germany Bayern Munich2002: Spain Real Madrid2003: Argentina Boca Juniors2004: Portugal Porto

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FIFA Club World Cup winners

2000s

2000: Brazil Corinthians2001: Cancelled2005: Brazil São Paulo2006: Brazil Internacional2007: Italy AC Milan2008: England Manchester United2009: Spain Barcelona

2010s

2010: Italy Inter Milan2011: Spain Barcelona2012: Brazil Corinthians2013: Germany Bayern Munich2014: Spain Real Madrid2015: Spain Barcelona2016: Spain Real Madrid2017: Spain Real Madrid2018: Spain Real Madrid2019: England Liverpool

2020s

2020: Germany Bayern Munich2021: England Chelsea2022: Spain Real Madrid

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1902

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1902 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar 1902

MCMII

Ab urbe condita 2655

Armenian calendar 1351

ԹՎ ՌՅԾԱ

Assyrian calendar 6652

Baháʼí calendar 58–59

Balinese saka calendar 1823–1824

Bengali calendar 1309

Berber calendar 2852

British Regnal year 1 Edw. 7 – 2 Edw. 7

Buddhist calendar 2446

Burmese calendar 1264

Byzantine calendar 7410–7411

Chinese calendar 辛丑年 (Metal Ox)

4598 or 4538

    — to —

壬寅年 (Water Tiger)

4599 or 4539

Coptic calendar 1618–1619

Discordian calendar 3068

Ethiopian calendar 1894–1895

Hebrew calendar 5662–5663

Hindu calendars

 - Vikram Samvat 1958–1959

 - Shaka Samvat 1823–1824

 - Kali Yuga 5002–5003

Holocene calendar 11902

Igbo calendar 902–903

Iranian calendar 1280–1281

Islamic calendar 1319–1320

Japanese calendar Meiji 35

(明治35年)

Javanese calendar 1831–1832

Julian calendar Gregorian minus 13 days

Korean calendar 4235

Minguo calendar 10 before ROC

民前10年

Nanakshahi calendar 434

Thai solar calendar 2444–2445

Tibetan calendar 阴金牛年

(female Iron-Ox)

2028 or 1647 or 875

    — to —

阳水虎年

(male Water-Tiger)

2029 or 1648 or 876

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1902.

1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1902nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 902nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 2nd year of the 20th century, and the 3rd year of the 1900s decade. As of the start of 1902, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

January

Main article: January 1902

January 1: first Rose Bowl college American football game.

Andrew Carnegie

January 1

The Nurses Registration Act 1901 comes into effect in New Zealand, making it the first country in the world to require state registration of nurses. On January 10, Ellen Dougherty becomes the world's first registered nurse.

Nathan Stubblefield demonstrates his wireless telephone device in the U.S. state of Kentucky.

January 8 – A train collision in the New York Central Railroad's Park Avenue Tunnel kills 17 people, injures 38, and leads to increased demand for electric trains and the banning of steam locomotives in New York City.

January 23 – Hakkōda Mountains incident: A snowstorm in the Hakkōda Mountains of northern Honshu, Japan, kills 199 during a military training exercise.

January 30 – The Anglo-Japanese Alliance is signed.

February

Main article: February 1902

February 11 – Police and universal suffrage demonstrators are involved in a physical altercation in Brussels, Belgium.

February 15 – The Berlin U-Bahn underground is opened.

February 18 – U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt prosecutes the Northern Securities Company for violation of the Sherman Act.

February 27 – Australian officers Breaker Morant and Peter Handcock are executed for the murder of Boer prisoners of war near Louis Trichardt.

March

Main article: March 1902

March 7 – Second Boer War: Battle of Tweebosch – South African Boers win their last battle over the British Army, with the capture of a British general and 200 of his men.

March 8 – Jean Sibelius's Symphony No. 2 is premiered in Helsinki in the Grand Duchy of Finland.

March 10

Clashes between police and Georgian workers led by Joseph Stalin leave 15 dead, 54 wounded, and 500 in prison.[1]

A Circuit Court decision in the United States ends Thomas Edison's monopoly on 35 mm movie film technology.[2]

April

Main article: April 1902

April 2 – The Electric Theatre, the first movie theater in the United States, opens in Los Angeles.

April 11 – Tenor Enrico Caruso makes the first million-selling recording, for the Gramophone Company in Milan, Italy.

April 13 – A new land speed record of 74 mph (119 km/h) is set in Nice, France, by Léon Serpollet driving a steam car.

April 19 – The 7.5 Mw  Guatemala earthquake shakes Guatemala with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), killing between 800 and 2,000.

May

Main article: May 1902

May 8: Mount Pelée erupts.

May 5 – The Commonwealth Public Service Act creates Australia's Public Service.

May 7 – La Soufrière volcano on the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent erupts, devastating the northern portion of the island and killing 2,000 people

May 8 – Mount Pelée in Martinique erupts, destroying the town of Saint-Pierre and killing over 30,000.

May 13 – Alfonso XIII of Spain begins his reign.

May 20 – Cuba gains independence from the United States.

May 22 – The White Star Liner SS Ionic is launched by Harland and Wolff in Belfast.

May 29 – The London School of Economics is opened by Lord Rosebery.

May 31 – The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War.

June

Main article: June 1902

June 2 – The Anthracite Coal Strike begins in the United States.

June 13 – Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing, predecessor of global consumer goods brand 3M, begins trading as a mining venture at Two Harbors in the United States.[3][4]

June 15 – The New York Central Railroad inaugurates the 20th Century Limited passenger train between Chicago and New York City.

June 16 – The Commonwealth Franchise Act in Australia grants women's suffrage in federal elections for resident British subjects (with certain ethnic minorities excepted), making Australia the first independent country to grant women the vote at a national level, and the first country to allow them to stand for Parliament.

June 26 – Edward VII institutes the Order of Merit, an order bestowed personally by the British monarch on up to 24 distinguished Empire recipients.

July

Main article: July 1902

July – James Stevenson-Hamilton is appointed warden of the Sabie Game Reserve in South Africa.

July 2 – Philippine–American War ends.

July 5 – Erik Gustaf Boström returns as Prime Minister of Sweden.

July 8 – The United States Bureau of Reclamation is established within the U.S. Geological Survey.

July 10 – The Rolling Mill Mine disaster in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, kills 112 miners.

July 11

Lord Salisbury retires as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

The British Order of the Garter is conferred on Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.

July 14

Agustín Lizárraga discovers Machu Picchu, the "Lost City of the Incas".[5]

St Mark's Campanile in Venice collapses.

July 21 – Fluminense Football Club is founded in Rio de Janeiro.

July 22 – Felix Pedro discovers gold in modern-day Fairbanks, Alaska.

August

Main article: August 1902

August 1 – 100 miners die in a pit explosion in Wollongong, Australia.

August 9 – Coronation of Edward VII as King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, Emperor of India at Westminster Abbey in London.[6]

August 22

Theodore Roosevelt becomes the first American President to ride in an automobile, a Columbia Electric Victoria through Hartford, Connecticut.

A 7.7 earthquake shakes the border between China and Kyrgyzstan killing 10,000 people.

August 24 – A statue of Joan of Arc is unveiled in Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier, the French town which she stormed in 1429.

August 30 – Mount Pelée again erupts in Martinique, destroying the town of Le Morne-Rouge and causing 1,000 deaths.

September

Main article: September 1902

September 1 – The first science fiction film, the silent A Trip to the Moon (Le Voyage dans La Lune), is premièred at the Théâtre Robert-Houdin in Paris, France, by actor/producer Georges Méliès, and proves an immediate success.[7]

September 19 – Shiloh Baptist Church disaster: A stampede at the Shiloh Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, after a talk by Booker T. Washington, kills 115.

October

Main article: October 1902

October 16 – The first Borstal (youth offenders' institution) opens in Borstal, Kent, U.K.

October 21 – A five-month strike by the United Mine Workers in the United States ends.

November

Main article: November 1902

November 15

King Leopold II of Belgium survives an attempted assassination in Brussels by Italian anarchist Gennaro Rubino.

The Hanoi exhibition, a world's fair, opens in French Indochina.

November 16 – A newspaper cartoon inspires creation of the first teddy bear by Morris Michtom in the United States.

November 30 – On the American frontier, the second-in-command of Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch, Harvey Logan ("Kid Curry"), is sentenced to 20 years hard labor.

December

Main article: December 1902

December–February 1903 – Venezuelan crisis: Britain, Germany and Italy sustain a naval blockade on Venezuela, in order to enforce collection of outstanding financial claims. This prompts the development of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

December 10 – The first Aswan Dam on the Nile is completed.

December 17 – The Commercial Telegraph Agency (TTA, Torgovo-Telegrafnue Agenstvo), predecessor of TASS, is officially established under the Ministry of Finance at Saint Petersburg in the Russian Empire.[citation needed]

December 30 – Discovery Expedition: British explorers Scott, Shackleton and Wilson reach the furthest southern point reached thus far by man, south of 82°S.

Date unknown

The capital of French Indochina is moved from Saigon (in Cochinchina) to Hanoi (Tonkin).

Construction of the Paul Doumer Bridge, linking both sections of Hanoi, is completed.

The first Korean Empire passports are issued to assist Korean immigration to Hawaii.

The Potawatomi Zoo in South Bend, Indiana, begins life as a duck pond.[8]

De'Longhi home appliance brand is founded in the Veneto region of Italy.[9]

Daniels Linseed, predecessor of Archer Daniels Midland (ADM), a global livestock, commodities trading, food processing brand, is founded in Minnesota, United States.[10]

Births

January

Saud of Saudi Arabia

Marjorie Daw

Tallulah Bankhead

Georgy Malenkov

January 1 – Buster Nupen, South African cricketer (d. 1977)

January 3 – Tommaso Dal Molin, Italian aviator (d. 1930)

January 4 – John A. McCone, American politician, 6th Director of Central Intelligence (d. 1991)

January 8 – Georgy Malenkov, Soviet politician (d. 1988)

January 9

Sir Rudolf Bing, Austrian-born British opera manager (d. 1997)

Josemaría Escrivá, Spanish Roman Catholic priest and saint (d. 1975)

Ann Nixon Cooper, African-American civil rights activist (d. 2009)

January 11

Maurice Duruflé, French composer (d. 1986)[11]

Evelyn Dove, British singer and actress (d. 1987)[12]

January 15

Nâzım Hikmet, Turkish poet and director (d. 1963)

King Saud of Saudi Arabia (d. 1969)

January 16 – Eric Liddell, Scottish runner (d. 1945)

January 19 – Marjorie Daw, American actress (d. 1979)

January 20

Kevin Barry, Irish republican (d. 1920)

Leon Ames, American actor (d. 1993)

January 22 – Daniel Kinsey, American hurdler (d. 1970)

January 24 – Alan Stuart Paterson, New Zealand cartoonist (d. 1968)

January 25

André Beaufre, French general (d. 1975)

Pablo Antonio, Filipino modernist architect (d. 1975)

January 26 – Menno ter Braak, Dutch author, polemicist (d. 1940)

January 31

Tallulah Bankhead, American actress (d. 1968)[13]

Alva Myrdal, Swedish politician, diplomat, and writer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1986)

February

Langston Hughes

Charles Lindbergh

Léon M'ba

Walter Houser Brattain

Herma Szabo

John Steinbeck

February 1 – Langston Hughes, African-American writer (d. 1967)

February 4

Charles Lindbergh, American aviator (d. 1974)[14]

Hartley Shawcross, British barrister and politician (d. 2003)

February 5 – Iwamoto Kaoru, Japanese professional Go player (d. 1999)

February 8 – Demchugdongrub, Mongolian politician (d. 1966)

February 9

Blanche Calloway, American jazz singer (d. 1978)

Léon M'ba, 1st President of Gabon (d. 1967)

February 10 – Walter Houser Brattain, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)

February 11 – Arne Jacobsen, Danish architect, designer (d. 1971)

February 12 – William Collier Jr., American actor (d. 1987)[15]

February 13 – Fernando Chaves, Ecuadorian novelist, essayist, and journalist (d. 1999)[16]

February 14 – Thelma Ritter, American actress (d. 1969)[17]

February 19 – Kay Boyle, American writer (d. 1992)

February 20 – Ansel Adams, American photographer (d. 1984)

February 22 – Herma Szabo, Austrian figure skater (d. 1986)

February 27

Gene Sarazen, American golfer (d. 1999)

John Steinbeck, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968)

March

Will Geer

Mohammed Abdel Wahab

Son House

Thomas E. Dewey

Dame Flora Robson

March 7

Heinz Rühmann, German actor (d. 1994)[18]

Ernő Schwarz, Hungarian-American soccer player (d. 1977)

March 9 – Will Geer, American actor (d. 1978)[19]

March 13 – Mohammed Abdel Wahab, Egyptian singer (d. 1991)

March 15 – Carla Porta Musa, Italian essayist, poet (d. 2012)

March 17 – Bobby Jones, American golfer (d. 1971)

March 19

Fuad Chehab, 8th President of Lebanon (d. 1973)

Louisa Ghijs, Belgian stage actress, wife of Johannes Heesters (d. 1985)

March 21

Al Smith, American cartoonist (d. 1986) [20]

Son House, American musician (d. 1988)

March 24 – Thomas E. Dewey, American politician (d. 1971)[21]

March 27 – Émile Benveniste, French linguist (d. 1976)

March 28 – Dame Flora Robson, English actress (d. 1984)

March 29

Marcel Aymé, French writer (d. 1967)[22]

William Walton, English composer (d. 1983)

March 30 – Brooke Astor, American socialite, philanthropist (d. 2007)

April

April 2 – Jan Tschichold, German-born typographer (d. 1974)[23]

April 4

Louise Lévêque de Vilmorin, French actress (d. 1969)

Stanley G. Weinbaum, American science-fiction author (d. 1935)

April 8

Andrew Irvine, British mountaineer (d. 1924)

Josef Krips, Austrian conductor, violinist (d. 1974)

April 12 – Louis Beel, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1977)

April 14

Olive Diefenbaker, second wife of Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker (d. 1976)

Yakov Smushkevich, Soviet Air Force general (d. 1941)

April 18 – Giuseppe Pella, Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1981)

April 20 – Sir Donald Wolfit, English actor (d. 1968)

April 23 – Halldór Laxness, Icelandic writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)[24]

April 25 – Werner Heyde, German psychiatrist (d. 1964)

April 28 – Johan Borgen, Norwegian author (d. 1979)

April 30 – Theodore Schultz, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)[25]

May

Alfred Kastler

May 2 – Brian Aherne, English-born actor (d. 1986)

May 3 – Alfred Kastler, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize (d. 1984)

May 6 – Max Ophüls, German film director (d. 1957)

May 8 – André Michel Lwoff, French microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1994)[26]

May 10 – David O. Selznick, American film producer (d. 1965)

May 15 – Richard J. Daley, American politician, 48th Mayor of Chicago (d. 1976)

May 18 – Meredith Willson, American composer (d. 1984)

May 21

Marcel Lajos Breuer, Hungarian-born architect (d. 1981)

Anatole Litvak, Ukrainian-born film director (d. 1974)

Leonidas Zervas, Greek organic chemist (d. 1980)

May 22 – Al Simmons, American baseball player (d. 1956)

May 24 – Wilbur Hatch, American music composer, musical director of Desilu Productions (d. 1969)

May 29 – Henri Guillaumet, French aviator (d. 1940)

June

Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu

June 1 – C. Wade McClusky, United States Navy admiral (d. 1976)

June 2 – James T. Berryman, American political cartoonist, recipient of the 1950 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning (d. 1971)

June 8 – James Stillman Rockefeller, American Olympic rower – Men's eights (d. 2004)

June 9 – Skip James, American Delta blues singer, songwriter, and musician (d. 1969)

June 16 – Barbara McClintock, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1992)

June 22 – Henri Deglane, French wrestler (d. 1975)

June 24 – Juan Antonio Yanes, Venezuelan professional baseball pioneer (d. 1987)

June 25

Li Ziming, Chinese martial artist (d. 1993)

Ralph Erickson, American baseball relief pitcher (d. 2002)

Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu, Japanese prince (d. 1953)

June 26 – Hugues Cuénod, Swiss tenor (d. 2010)

June 27 – Stanisław Wycech, Polish World War I veteran (d. 2008)

June 28 – Richard Rodgers, American composer (d. 1979)[27]

June 29 – Ellen Pollock, British actress (d. 1997)

July

George Murphy

Kurt Alder

Sir Karl Popper

July 1 – William Wyler, American film director (d. 1981)

July 4

Vince Barnett, American actor (d. 1977)

Meyer Lansky, Russian-born American mobster (d. 1983)

George Murphy, American dancer, actor and politician (d. 1992)

July 6 – Jerónimo Mihura, Spanish film director (d. 1990)

July 7 – Ted Radcliffe, American professional baseball player (d. 2005)

July 8

Richard Barrett Lowe, American governor of both Guam and American Samoa (d. 1972)

Gwendolyn Bennett, American writer (d. 1981)

July 10

Kurt Alder, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)

Nicolás Guillén, Cuban poet, journalist, political activist and writer (d. 1989)

July 12 – Tony Lovink, Dutch politician (d. 1995)

July 16

Alexander Luria, Russian neuropsychologist (d. 1977)

Andrew L. Stone, American screenwriter, director and producer (d. 1999)

July 18 – Chill Wills, American actor, singer (d. 1978)

July 21

Georges Wambst, French cyclist (d. 1988)

Margit Manstad, Swedish actress (d. 1996)

Joseph Kesselring, American playwright (d. 1967)

July 28

Albert Namatjira, Australian painter (d. 1959)

Karl Popper, Austrian philosopher (d. 1994)

July 31

Gubby Allen, Australian-born English cricketer, cricket administrator (d. 1989)

Randolph E. Haugan, American author, editor and publisher (d. 1985)

August

Paul Dirac

Mohammad Hatta

August 2 – Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria, Coptic Orthodox Patriarch (d. 1971)

August 6 – Enrique Godoy Sayán, Cuban business magnate and banker (d. 1984)[28]

August 7 – Ann Harding, American actress (d. 1981)

August 8 – Paul Dirac, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1984)

August 9 – Zino Francescatti, French violinist (d. 1991)

August 10 – Arne Tiselius, Swedish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)

August 11

Alfredo Binda, Italian cyclist (d. 1986)

Lloyd Nolan, American film, television actor (d. 1985)

Norma Shearer, Canadian actress (d. 1983)

August 12

Mohammad Hatta, 1st Vice President of Indonesia (d. 1980)

K. G. Ambegaonkar Fifth Governor of the Reserve Bank of India. (D. Unknown)

August 13 – Felix Wankel, German mechanical engineer (d. 1988)

August 16 – Georgette Heyer, British writer (d. 1974)

August 18 – Adamson-Eric, Estonian artist (d. 1968)

August 19

Ogden Nash, American poet (d. 1971)[29]

J. B. L. Reyes, Filipino jurist (d. 1994)

August 22 – Leni Riefenstahl, German film director (d. 2003)

August 24 – Carlo Gambino, American gangster (d. 1976)

August 25 – Stefan Wolpe, German-born composer (d. 1972)

September

Juscelino Kubitschek

John Houseman

September 2 – Peter Pitseolak, Inuit photographer, author (d. 1973)

September 5 – Darryl F. Zanuck, American film producer and studio executive (d. 1979)

September 6 – Sylvanus Olympio, Togolese politician, 1st President of Togo (assassinated) (d. 1963)

September 9 – Roberto Noble, Argentine politician, journalist and publisher (d. 1969)

September 12 – Juscelino Kubitschek, 21st President of Brazil (d. 1976)

September 14 – Giorgos Papasideris, Greek singer, composer, and lyricist (d. 1977)

September 21

Luis Cernuda, Spanish poet (d. 1963)

Ilmari Salminen, Finnish athlete (d. 1986)

September 22

John Houseman, Romanian-born actor, producer (d. 1988)

Ruhollah Khomeini, Iranian Shia cleric (d. 1989)

September 23 – Ion Gheorghe Maurer, Romanian lawyer and politician, 49th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 2000)

September 26 – Albert Anastasia, Italian-born American gangster (d. 1957)[30]

October

Leopold Figl

October 2 – Leopold Figl, former Chancellor of Austria (d. 1965)

October 5

Larry Fine, American actor and comedian, better known as a member of The Three Stooges (d. 1975)

Ray Kroc, American fast food entrepreneur, known for his ownership of the McDonald's chain (d. 1984)

October 12 – Hiromichi Yahara, Imperial Japanese Army officer (d. 1981)

October 18

Miriam Hopkins, American actress (d. 1972)

Pascual Jordan, German physicist (d. 1980)

October 21 – Eddy Hamel, American footballer (d. 1943 in Auschwitz)[31]

October 25

Carlo Gnocchi, Italian Roman Catholic priest and blessed (d. 1956)

Eddie Lang, American jazz guitarist (d. 1933)

October 26 – Jack Sharkey, American heavyweight boxing champion (d. 1994)

October 28 – Elsa Lanchester, British-American actress (d. 1986)

October 31 – Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Brazilian poet (d. 1987)

November

Eugene Wigner

November 1 – Eugen Jochum, German conductor (d. 1987)

November 2

Princess Mafalda of Savoy (d. 1944)

Prince Rostislav Alexandrovich of Russia (d. 1978)

November 9 – Anthony Asquith, British film director (d. 1968)

November 17 – Eugene Wigner, Hungarian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995)

November 21

Isaac Bashevis Singer, Polish-American novelist, writer and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991)

Mikhail Suslov, Soviet politician (d. 1982)

November 22 – Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, French general (d. 1947)

November 23 – Victor Jory, Canadian actor (d. 1982)

November 27 – Marcial Lichauco, Filipino lawyer and diplomat (d. 1971)

November 30 – Hussein ibn Nasser, 8th Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1982)

December

Strom Thurmond

Margaret Hamilton

Frances Bavier

December 1 – Trần Văn Hương, South Vietnamese politician, 3rd President of South Vietnam, 3rd Vice President of South Vietnam, and 3rd Prime Minister of South Vietnam (d. 1982)[32]

December 2 – Wifredo Lam, Cuban artist (d. 1982)

December 3 – Mitsuo Fuchida, Japanese aviator, naval officer, and Christian evangelist (d. 1976)

December 5

Emeric Pressburger, Hungarian-British film director (d. 1988)

Strom Thurmond, American politician (d. 2003)

December 9 – Margaret Hamilton, American actress (d. 1985)[33]

December 14 – Frances Bavier, American stage and television actress (d. 1989)[34]

December 19 – Ralph Richardson, English actor (d. 1983)

December 20 – Prince George, Duke of Kent (d. 1942)

December 23

Norman Maclean, American author (d. 1990)

Charan Singh, 5th Prime Minister of India (d. 1987)

December 25 – Barton MacLane, American actor (d. 1969)

December 27 – Francesco Agello, Italian aviator (d. 1942)

December 28

Mortimer Adler, American philosopher (d. 2001)

Shen Congwen, Chinese writer (d. 1988)

Date unknown

Nazem Akkari, 19th Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 1985)

Harun Babunagari, Bangladeshi Islamic scholar and educationist (d. 1986)[35]

Remziye Hisar, Turkish chemist (d. 1992)

Deaths

January–June

Cecil Rhodes

Hans von Pechmann

Esther Hobart Morris

Saint Agostino Roscelli

January 5 – Martis Karin Ersdotter, Swedish businesswoman (born 1829)

January 11 – Johnny Briggs, English cricketer (b. 1862)

January 30 – François Claude du Barail, French general and Minister of War (b. 1820)

February 6 – Clémence Royer, French scholar (b. 1830)

February 15 – Viggo Hørup, Danish politician (b. 1841)

February 18 – Albert Bierstadt, German-born American painter (b. 1830)[36]

February 26 – Edward Henry Cooper, British army officer and politician (b. 1827)

February 27

Breaker Morant, Australian soldier (executed) (b. 1864)

Peter Handcock, Australian soldier (executed) (b. 1869)

March 3 – Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte, 11th Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1822)

March 7 – Pud Galvin, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1856)

March 11 – Friedrich Engelhorn, German industrialist, founder of BASF (b. 1821)

March 12 – John Peter Altgeld, American politician, 20th Governor of Illinois (b. 1847)

March 15 – Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet, British colonial administrator of India (b. 1826)

March 23 – Kálmán Tisza, Hungarian politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1830)

March 26 – Cecil Rhodes, British imperialist (b. 1853)

March 29 – Sir Andrew Clarke, British army officer and colonial governor (b. 1824)

April 3 – Esther Hobart Morris, American suffragist judge (b. 1814)

April 8 – John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley, British politician (b. 1826)

April 11 – Wade Hampton III, Confederate soldier and South Carolina politician (b. 1818)[37]

April 15 – Jules Dalou, French sculptor (b. 1838)[38]

April 17 – Francis, Duke of Cádiz, former king consort of Spain (b. 1822)

April 19 – Hans von Pechmann, German chemist (b. 1850)

April 26 – Lazarus Fuchs, German mathematician (b. 1833)

April 28 – Sol Smith Russell, American comedian (b. 1848)

May – Harriet Abbott Lincoln Coolidge, American philanthropist, author and reformer (b. 1849)

May 5 – Bret Harte, American writer (b. 1836)[39]

May 6

Martha Perry Lowe, American social activist and organizer (b. 1829)

William T. Sampson, American admiral (b. 1840)

May 7 – Agostino Roscelli, Italian priest, founder of the Institute of Sisters of the Immaculata (b. 1818)

May 26 – Almon Brown Strowger, American inventor (b. 1839)

June 5 - Louis J. Weichmann, American witness to the assassination of Abraham Lincoln (b. 1842)

June 8 – Charles Ingalls, American pioneer and father of Laura Ingalls Wilder (b. 1836)

June 10

Jacint Verdaguer, Catalan poet (b. 1845)[40]

Auguste Schmidt, German educator, activist (b. 1833)

June 18 – Samuel Butler, British author (b. 1835)[41]

June 19 – Albert, King of Saxony, member of the House of Wettin (b. 1828)

July–December

Saint Maria Goretti

Rudolf Virchow

Émile Zola

Prudente de Morais

July 4 – Swami Vivekananda, Indian religious leader (b. 1863)

July 6 – Maria Goretti, Italian Roman Catholic virgin, martyr and saint (b. 1890)

July 16 – Henry Dunning Macleod, Scottish economist (b. 1821)

July 18 – Saigō Jūdō, Japanese general, admiral, and politician (b. 1843)

July 27 – Gustave Trouvé, French electrical engineer and inventor (b. 1839)

August 8 – James Tissot, French artist (b. 1836)[42]

August 31 – Mathilde Wesendonck, German poet (b. 1828)[43]

September 5 – Rudolf Virchow, German scientist, politician (b. 1821)

September 6

Sir Frederick Abel, British chemist (b. 1827)

Hammerton Killick, Haitian admiral (b. 1856)

Winfield Scott Stratton, American mining prospector and philanthropist (b. 1848)

September 15 – Horace Gray, American jurist (b. 1828)

September 18 – Thorborg Rappe, Swedish social reformer (b. 1832)

September 19 – Masaoka Shiki, Japanese haiku poet (b. 1867)

September 23 – John Wesley Powell, American explorer (b. 1834)

September 26 – Levi Strauss, German-born American inventor of Levi's Jeans (b. 1829)

September 29

William McGonagall, Scottish doggerel poet (b. 1825)[44]

Émile Zola, French author (b. 1840)

September 30 – James Edward Jouett, American admiral (b. 1826)

October 6

John Hall Gladstone, British chemist (b. 1827)

Liu Kunyi, Chinese general (b. 1830)

October 25 – Frank Norris, American novelist (b. 1870)[45]

October 26 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton, American activist (b. 1815)

November 4 – Hale Johnson, American politician (b. 1847)

November 17 – Hugh Price Hughes, Welsh social reformer (b. 1847)

November 22

Friedrich Alfred Krupp, German industrialist (b. 1854)

Walter Reed, American army physician (b. 1851)[46]

December 2 – Count Richard Belcredi, former Prime minister of the Austrian Empire (b. 1823)

December 3

Prudente de Morais, 3rd President of Brazil (b. 1841)

Robert Lawson, New Zealand architect (b. 1833)

December 4 – Charles Dow, American journalist, co-founder of Dow Jones & Company (b. 1851)

December 5 – Johannes Wislicenus, German chemist (b. 1835)

December 6 – Alice Freeman Palmer, American educator (b. 1855)

December 7 – Thomas Nast, American caricaturist, cartoonist (b. 1840)[47]

December 11 – Mary Mathews Adams, Irish-born American philanthropist (b. 1840)

December 14 – Julia Grant, First Lady of the United States (b. 1826)

December 22 – Richard von Krafft-Ebing, German sexologist (b. 1840)

December 23 – Frederick Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1821)

Nobel Prizes

Physics – Hendrik Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman

Chemistry – Emil Fischer

Medicine – Sir Ronald Ross

Literature – Theodor Mommsen

Peace – Élie Ducommun and Charles Albert Gobat

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 "Wade Hampton | Family & Term of Office | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved March 18, 2022.

 Desmond, Michael (1992). European and American paintings and sculptures 1870-1970 in the Australian National Gallery. Canberra: Australian National Gallery. p. 48. ISBN 9780642130266.

 "Bret Harte Dead". Newburgh Daily Journal. May 6, 1902. Retrieved January 28, 2022.

 Baedeker's Barcelona. New York: Prentice Hall Travel. 1992. p. 43. ISBN 9780130635617.

 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 8. Oxford University Press. 2004. p. 216. ISBN 0-19-861359-8.Article by Elinor Shaffer.

 Matyjaszkiewicz, Krystyna (2011). "Tissot, Jacques Joseph (1836–1902)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/68966. Retrieved July 5, 2014. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

 Wolf, Hugo (2003). Letters to Melanie Köchert. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press. p. xxxvii. ISBN 9780299194444.

 Donaldson, William (2004). "McGonagall, William". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/40706. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

 "Frank Norris, the novelist, died to-day as the result of an operation for appendicitis performed three days ago" (PDF). The New York Times. October 26, 1902. Retrieved January 28, 2022.

 Miller, Dean (January 1, 2014). Immunologists and Virologists. Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-62712-562-8.

 Bryant, Edward. "Nast, Thomas". In Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Retrieved October 7, 2012.

Further reading and year books

Colby, Frank Moore ed. he International Yearbook A Compendium Of The Worlds Progress During The Year 1902 (1903) coverage of each state online

1902 Annual Cyclopedia (1903) online; highly detailed coverage of "Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry" for 1902; massive compilation of facts and primary documents; worldwide coverage; 865pp

Wall, Edgar G. ed. The British Empire yearbook (1903), 1276pp; covers 1902 online

Gilbert, Martin. A History of the Twentieth Century: vol. 1 1900-1933 (1997) pp 55–68; global coverage of politics, diplomacy and warfare.

vte

  • Condition: In Good Contion for its age over 120 years old
  • Brand: Royal Mint
  • Sport: Football
  • Type: Coin
  • Surname Initial: M
  • Season: Pre 1950
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: United Kingdom
  • Clubs: Manchester United
  • Personalise: No

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